半空风雨山头树，十顷玻瓈水底天。孤客南来无着处，相宜只有百门泉。可怜半夜婵娟影，正对五侯残酒池。世人拘目见，酣酒笑丹经。昆仑有瑶树，安得采其英。风轻水初绿，日晴花更新。天文信昭回，皇道颇敷陈。君子可以寓意于物，而不可以留意于物。寓意于物，虽微物足以为乐，虽尤物不足以为病。留意于物，虽微物足以为病，虽尤物不足以为乐。老子曰：“五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋田猎令人心发狂。”然圣人未尝废此四者，亦聊以寓意焉耳。刘备之雄才也，而好结髦。嵇康之达也，而好锻炼。阮孚之放也，而好蜡屐。此岂有声色臭味也哉，而乐之终身不厌。凡物之可喜，足以悦人而不足以移人者，莫若书与画。然至其留意而不释，则其祸有不可胜言者。钟繇至以此呕血发冢，宋孝武、王僧虔至以此相忌，桓玄之走舸，王涯之复壁，皆以儿戏害其国凶此身。此留意之祸也。始吾少时，尝好此二者，家之所有，惟恐其失之，人之所有，惟恐其不吾予也。既而自笑曰：吾薄富贵而厚于书，轻死生而重于画，岂不颠倒错缪失其本心也哉？自是不复好。见可喜者虽时复蓄之，然为人取去，亦不复惜也。譬之烟云之过眼，百鸟之感耳，岂不欣然接之，然去而不复念也。于是乎二物者常为吾乐而不能为吾病。驸马都尉王君晋卿虽在戚里，而其被服礼义，学问诗书，常与寒士角。平居攘去膏粱，屏远声色，而从事于书画，作宝绘堂于私第之东，以蓄其所有，而求文以为记。恐其不幸而类吾少时之所好，故以是告之，庶几全其乐而远其病也。熙宁十年七月二十日记。子厚，讳宗元。七世祖庆，为拓跋魏侍中，封济阴公。曾伯祖奭，为唐宰相，与褚遂良、韩瑗俱得罪武后，死高宗朝。皇考讳镇，以事母弃太常博士，求为县令江南。其后以不能媚权贵，失御史。权贵人死，乃复拜侍御史。号为刚直，所与游皆当世名人。子厚少精敏，无不通达。逮其父时，虽少年，已自成人，能取进士第，崭然见头角。众谓柳氏有子矣。其后以博学宏词，授集贤殿正字。俊杰廉悍，议论证据今古，出入经史百子，踔厉风发，率常屈其座人。名声大振，一时皆慕与之交。诸公要人，争欲令出我门下，交口荐誉之。贞元十九年，由蓝田尉拜监察御史。顺宗即位，拜礼部员外郎。遇用事者得罪，例出为刺史。未至，又例贬永州司马。居闲，益自刻苦，务记览，为词章，泛滥停蓄，为深博无涯涘。而自肆于山水间。元和中，尝例召至京师；又偕出为刺史，而子厚得柳州。既至，叹曰：“是岂不足为政邪？”因其土俗，为设教禁，州人顺赖。其俗以男女质钱，约不时赎，子本相侔，则没为奴婢。子厚与设方计，悉令赎归。其尤贫力不能者，令书其佣，足相当，则使归其质。观察使下其法于他州，比一岁，免而归者且千人。衡湘以南为进士者，皆以子厚为师，其经承子厚口讲指画为文词者，悉有法度可观。其召至京师而复为刺史也，中山刘梦得禹锡亦在遣中，当诣播州。子厚泣曰：“播州非人所居，而梦得亲在堂，吾不忍梦得之穷，无辞以白其大人；且万无母子俱往理。”请于朝，将拜疏，愿以柳易播，虽重得罪，死不恨。遇有以梦得事白上者，梦得于是改刺连州。呜唿！士穷乃见节义。今夫平居里巷相慕悦，酒食游戏相徵逐，诩诩强笑语以相取下，握手出肺肝相示，指天日涕泣，誓生死不相背负，真若可信；一旦临小利害，仅如毛发比，反眼若不相识。落陷穽，不一引手救，反挤之，又下石焉者，皆是也。此宜禽兽夷狄所不忍为，而其人自视以为得计。闻子厚之风，亦可以少愧矣。子厚前时少年，勇于为人，不自贵重顾籍，谓功业可立就，故坐废退。既退，又无相知有气力得位者推挽，故卒死于穷裔。材不为世用，道不行于时也。使子厚在台省时，自持其身，已能如司马刺史时，亦自不斥；斥时，有人力能举之，且必复用不穷。然子厚斥不久，穷不极，虽有出于人，其文学辞章，必不能自力，以致必传于后如今，无疑也。虽使子厚得所愿，为将相于一时，以彼易此，孰得孰失，必有能辨之者。子厚以元和十四年十一月八日卒，年四十七。以十五年七月十日，归葬万年先人墓侧。子厚有子男二人：长曰周六，始四岁；季曰周七，子厚卒乃生。女子二人，皆幼。其得归葬也，费皆出观察使河东裴君行立。行立有节概，重然诺，与子厚结交，子厚亦为之尽，竟赖其力。葬子厚于万年之墓者，舅弟卢遵。遵，涿人，性谨慎，学问不厌。自子厚之斥，遵从而家焉，逮其死不去。既往葬子厚，又将经纪其家，庶几有始终者。铭曰：“是惟子厚之室，既固既安，以利其嗣人。”汉昭帝逝世，昌邑王刘贺被废黜，汉宣帝刘询刚刚登上皇位。路温舒呈上奏书，奏书说：昭帝崩，昌邑王贺废，宣帝初即位，路温舒上书，言宜尚德缓刑。其辞曰：“臣闻齐有无知之祸，而桓公以兴；晋有骊姬之难，而文公用伯。近世赵王不终，诸吕作乱，而孝文为太宗。由是观之，祸乱之作，将以开圣人也。故桓、文扶微兴坏，尊文、武之业，泽加百姓，功润诸侯，虽不及三王，天下归仁焉。文帝永思至德，以承天心，崇仁义，省刑罚，通关梁，一远近，敬贤如大宾，爱民如赤子，内恕情之所安而施之于海内，是以囹圄空虚，天下太平。夫继变化之后，必有异旧之恩，此贤圣所以昭天命也。“往者，昭帝即世而无嗣，大臣忧戚，焦心合谋，皆以昌邑尊亲，援而立之。然天不授命，淫乱其心，遂以自亡。深察祸变之故，乃皇天之所以开至圣也。故大将军受命武帝，股肱汉国，披肝胆，决大计，黜亡义，立有德，辅天而行，然后宗庙以安，天下咸宁。臣闻《春秋》正即位，大一统而慎始也。陛下初登至尊，与天合符，宜改前世之失，正始受命之统，涤烦文，除民疾，存亡继绝，以应天意。“臣闻秦有十失，其一尚存，治狱之吏是也。秦之时，羞文学，好武勇，贱仁义之士，贵治狱之吏，正言者谓之诽谤，遏过者谓之妖言，故盛服先王不用于世⒅，忠良切言皆郁于胸，誉谀之声日满于耳，虚美熏心，实祸蔽塞，此乃秦之所以亡天下也。方今天下，赖陛下恩厚，亡金革之危、饥寒之患，父子夫妻戮力安家，然太平未洽者，狱乱之也。夫狱者，天下之大命也，死者不可复生，绝者不可复属。《书》曰：“与其杀不辜，宁失不经。”今治狱吏则不然，上下相驱，以刻为明，深者获公名，平者多后患。故治狱之吏，皆欲人死，非憎人也，自安之道在人之死。是以死人之血流离于市，被刑之徒比肩而立，大辟之计岁以万数。此仁圣之所以伤也。太平之未洽，凡以此也。夫人情安则乐生，痛则思死，棰楚之下，何求而不得？做囚人不胜痛，则饰词以视之，吏治者利其然，则指道以明之，上奏畏却，则锻练而周内之；盖奏当之成，虽咎繇听之，犹以为死有余辜。何则？成练者众，文致之罪明也。是以狱吏专为深刻，残贼而亡极，媮为一切，不顾国患，此世之大贼也。故俗语曰：“画地为狱议不入；刻木为吏期不对。”此皆疾吏之风，悲痛之辞也。故天下之患，莫深于狱；败法乱正，离亲塞道，莫甚乎治狱之吏，此所谓一尚存者也。”“臣闻乌鸢之卵不毁，而后凤凰集；诽谤之罪不诛，而后良言进。故古人有言：“山薮臧疾，川泽纳污，瑾瑜匿恶，国君含诟。”唯陛下除诽谤以招切言，开天下之口，广箴谏之路，扫亡秦之失，尊文武之德，省法制，宽刑罚，以废治狱，则太平之风可兴于世，永履和乐，与天亡极，天下幸甚。”上善其言。调雨为酥，催冰做水，东君分付春还。何人便将轻暖，点破残寒。结伴踏青去好，平头鞋子小双鸾。烟郊外，望中秀色，如有无间。晴则个，阴则个，饾饤得天气，有许多般。须教镂花拨柳，争要先看。不道吴绫绣袜，香泥斜沁几行斑。东风巧，尽收翠绿，吹在眉山。春日迟迟春草绿，野棠开尽飘香玉。 绣岭宫前鹤发翁，犹唱开元太平曲。故人不可见，汉水日东流。借问襄阳老，江山空蔡州。山月随客来，主人兴不浅。今宵竹林下，谁觉花源远。惆怅曙莺啼，孤云还绝巘。

ban kong feng yu shan tou shu .shi qing bo li shui di tian .gu ke nan lai wu zhuo chu .xiang yi zhi you bai men quan .ke lian ban ye chan juan ying .zheng dui wu hou can jiu chi .shi ren ju mu jian .han jiu xiao dan jing .kun lun you yao shu .an de cai qi ying .feng qing shui chu lv .ri qing hua geng xin .tian wen xin zhao hui .huang dao po fu chen .jun zi ke yi yu yi yu wu .er bu ke yi liu yi yu wu .yu yi yu wu .sui wei wu zu yi wei le .sui you wu bu zu yi wei bing .liu yi yu wu .sui wei wu zu yi wei bing .sui you wu bu zu yi wei le .lao zi yue ..wu se ling ren mu mang .wu yin ling ren er long .wu wei ling ren kou shuang .chi cheng tian lie ling ren xin fa kuang ..ran sheng ren wei chang fei ci si zhe .yi liao yi yu yi yan er .liu bei zhi xiong cai ye .er hao jie mao .ji kang zhi da ye .er hao duan lian .ruan fu zhi fang ye .er hao la ji .ci qi you sheng se chou wei ye zai .er le zhi zhong shen bu yan .fan wu zhi ke xi .zu yi yue ren er bu zu yi yi ren zhe .mo ruo shu yu hua .ran zhi qi liu yi er bu shi .ze qi huo you bu ke sheng yan zhe .zhong yao zhi yi ci ou xue fa zhong .song xiao wu .wang seng qian zhi yi ci xiang ji .huan xuan zhi zou ge .wang ya zhi fu bi .jie yi er xi hai qi guo xiong ci shen .ci liu yi zhi huo ye .shi wu shao shi .chang hao ci er zhe .jia zhi suo you .wei kong qi shi zhi .ren zhi suo you .wei kong qi bu wu yu ye .ji er zi xiao yue .wu bao fu gui er hou yu shu .qing si sheng er zhong yu hua .qi bu dian dao cuo miu shi qi ben xin ye zai .zi shi bu fu hao .jian ke xi zhe sui shi fu xu zhi .ran wei ren qu qu .yi bu fu xi ye .pi zhi yan yun zhi guo yan .bai niao zhi gan er .qi bu xin ran jie zhi .ran qu er bu fu nian ye .yu shi hu er wu zhe chang wei wu le er bu neng wei wu bing .fu ma du wei wang jun jin qing sui zai qi li .er qi bei fu li yi .xue wen shi shu .chang yu han shi jiao .ping ju rang qu gao liang .ping yuan sheng se .er cong shi yu shu hua .zuo bao hui tang yu si di zhi dong .yi xu qi suo you .er qiu wen yi wei ji .kong qi bu xing er lei wu shao shi zhi suo hao .gu yi shi gao zhi .shu ji quan qi le er yuan qi bing ye .xi ning shi nian qi yue er shi ri ji .zi hou .hui zong yuan .qi shi zu qing .wei tuo ba wei shi zhong .feng ji yin gong .zeng bo zu shi .wei tang zai xiang .yu chu sui liang .han yuan ju de zui wu hou .si gao zong chao .huang kao hui zhen .yi shi mu qi tai chang bo shi .qiu wei xian ling jiang nan .qi hou yi bu neng mei quan gui .shi yu shi .quan gui ren si .nai fu bai shi yu shi .hao wei gang zhi .suo yu you jie dang shi ming ren .zi hou shao jing min .wu bu tong da .dai qi fu shi .sui shao nian .yi zi cheng ren .neng qu jin shi di .zhan ran jian tou jiao .zhong wei liu shi you zi yi .qi hou yi bo xue hong ci .shou ji xian dian zheng zi .jun jie lian han .yi lun zheng ju jin gu .chu ru jing shi bai zi .chuo li feng fa .lv chang qu qi zuo ren .ming sheng da zhen .yi shi jie mu yu zhi jiao .zhu gong yao ren .zheng yu ling chu wo men xia .jiao kou jian yu zhi .zhen yuan shi jiu nian .you lan tian wei bai jian cha yu shi .shun zong ji wei .bai li bu yuan wai lang .yu yong shi zhe de zui .li chu wei ci shi .wei zhi .you li bian yong zhou si ma .ju xian .yi zi ke ku .wu ji lan .wei ci zhang .fan lan ting xu .wei shen bo wu ya si .er zi si yu shan shui jian .yuan he zhong .chang li zhao zhi jing shi .you xie chu wei ci shi .er zi hou de liu zhou .ji zhi .tan yue ..shi qi bu zu wei zheng xie ..yin qi tu su .wei she jiao jin .zhou ren shun lai .qi su yi nan nv zhi qian .yue bu shi shu .zi ben xiang mou .ze mei wei nu bi .zi hou yu she fang ji .xi ling shu gui .qi you pin li bu neng zhe .ling shu qi yong .zu xiang dang .ze shi gui qi zhi .guan cha shi xia qi fa yu ta zhou .bi yi sui .mian er gui zhe qie qian ren .heng xiang yi nan wei jin shi zhe .jie yi zi hou wei shi .qi jing cheng zi hou kou jiang zhi hua wei wen ci zhe .xi you fa du ke guan .qi zhao zhi jing shi er fu wei ci shi ye .zhong shan liu meng de yu xi yi zai qian zhong .dang yi bo zhou .zi hou qi yue ..bo zhou fei ren suo ju .er meng de qin zai tang .wu bu ren meng de zhi qiong .wu ci yi bai qi da ren .qie wan wu mu zi ju wang li ..qing yu chao .jiang bai shu .yuan yi liu yi bo .sui zhong de zui .si bu hen .yu you yi meng de shi bai shang zhe .meng de yu shi gai ci lian zhou .wu hu .shi qiong nai jian jie yi .jin fu ping ju li xiang xiang mu yue .jiu shi you xi xiang zheng zhu .xu xu qiang xiao yu yi xiang qu xia .wo shou chu fei gan xiang shi .zhi tian ri ti qi .shi sheng si bu xiang bei fu .zhen ruo ke xin .yi dan lin xiao li hai .jin ru mao fa bi .fan yan ruo bu xiang shi .luo xian jing .bu yi yin shou jiu .fan ji zhi .you xia shi yan zhe .jie shi ye .ci yi qin shou yi di suo bu ren wei .er qi ren zi shi yi wei de ji .wen zi hou zhi feng .yi ke yi shao kui yi .zi hou qian shi shao nian .yong yu wei ren .bu zi gui zhong gu ji .wei gong ye ke li jiu .gu zuo fei tui .ji tui .you wu xiang zhi you qi li de wei zhe tui wan .gu zu si yu qiong yi .cai bu wei shi yong .dao bu xing yu shi ye .shi zi hou zai tai sheng shi .zi chi qi shen .yi neng ru si ma ci shi shi .yi zi bu chi .chi shi .you ren li neng ju zhi .qie bi fu yong bu qiong .ran zi hou chi bu jiu .qiong bu ji .sui you chu yu ren .qi wen xue ci zhang .bi bu neng zi li .yi zhi bi chuan yu hou ru jin .wu yi ye .sui shi zi hou de suo yuan .wei jiang xiang yu yi shi .yi bi yi ci .shu de shu shi .bi you neng bian zhi zhe .zi hou yi yuan he shi si nian shi yi yue ba ri zu .nian si shi qi .yi shi wu nian qi yue shi ri .gui zang wan nian xian ren mu ce .zi hou you zi nan er ren .chang yue zhou liu .shi si sui .ji yue zhou qi .zi hou zu nai sheng .nv zi er ren .jie you .qi de gui zang ye .fei jie chu guan cha shi he dong pei jun xing li .xing li you jie gai .zhong ran nuo .yu zi hou jie jiao .zi hou yi wei zhi jin .jing lai qi li .zang zi hou yu wan nian zhi mu zhe .jiu di lu zun .zun .zhuo ren .xing jin shen .xue wen bu yan .zi zi hou zhi chi .zun cong er jia yan .dai qi si bu qu .ji wang zang zi hou .you jiang jing ji qi jia .shu ji you shi zhong zhe .ming yue ..shi wei zi hou zhi shi .ji gu ji an .yi li qi si ren ..han zhao di shi shi .chang yi wang liu he bei fei chu .han xuan di liu xun gang gang deng shang huang wei .lu wen shu cheng shang zou shu .zou shu shuo .zhao di beng .chang yi wang he fei .xuan di chu ji wei .lu wen shu shang shu .yan yi shang de huan xing .qi ci yue ..chen wen qi you wu zhi zhi huo .er huan gong yi xing .jin you li ji zhi nan .er wen gong yong bo .jin shi zhao wang bu zhong .zhu lv zuo luan .er xiao wen wei tai zong .you shi guan zhi .huo luan zhi zuo .jiang yi kai sheng ren ye .gu huan .wen fu wei xing huai .zun wen .wu zhi ye .ze jia bai xing .gong run zhu hou .sui bu ji san wang .tian xia gui ren yan .wen di yong si zhi de .yi cheng tian xin .chong ren yi .sheng xing fa .tong guan liang .yi yuan jin .jing xian ru da bin .ai min ru chi zi .nei shu qing zhi suo an er shi zhi yu hai nei .shi yi ling yu kong xu .tian xia tai ping .fu ji bian hua zhi hou .bi you yi jiu zhi en .ci xian sheng suo yi zhao tian ming ye ..wang zhe .zhao di ji shi er wu si .da chen you qi .jiao xin he mou .jie yi chang yi zun qin .yuan er li zhi .ran tian bu shou ming .yin luan qi xin .sui yi zi wang .shen cha huo bian zhi gu .nai huang tian zhi suo yi kai zhi sheng ye .gu da jiang jun shou ming wu di .gu gong han guo .pi gan dan .jue da ji .chu wang yi .li you de .fu tian er xing .ran hou zong miao yi an .tian xia xian ning .chen wen .chun qiu .zheng ji wei .da yi tong er shen shi ye .bi xia chu deng zhi zun .yu tian he fu .yi gai qian shi zhi shi .zheng shi shou ming zhi tong .di fan wen .chu min ji .cun wang ji jue .yi ying tian yi ..chen wen qin you shi shi .qi yi shang cun .zhi yu zhi li shi ye .qin zhi shi .xiu wen xue .hao wu yong .jian ren yi zhi shi .gui zhi yu zhi li .zheng yan zhe wei zhi fei bang .e guo zhe wei zhi yao yan .gu sheng fu xian wang bu yong yu shi ..zhong liang qie yan jie yu yu xiong .yu yu zhi sheng ri man yu er .xu mei xun xin .shi huo bi sai .ci nai qin zhi suo yi wang tian xia ye .fang jin tian xia .lai bi xia en hou .wang jin ge zhi wei .ji han zhi huan .fu zi fu qi lu li an jia .ran tai ping wei qia zhe .yu luan zhi ye .fu yu zhe .tian xia zhi da ming ye .si zhe bu ke fu sheng .jue zhe bu ke fu shu ..shu .yue ..yu qi sha bu gu .ning shi bu jing ..jin zhi yu li ze bu ran .shang xia xiang qu .yi ke wei ming .shen zhe huo gong ming .ping zhe duo hou huan .gu zhi yu zhi li .jie yu ren si .fei zeng ren ye .zi an zhi dao zai ren zhi si .shi yi si ren zhi xue liu li yu shi .bei xing zhi tu bi jian er li .da bi zhi ji sui yi wan shu .ci ren sheng zhi suo yi shang ye .tai ping zhi wei qia .fan yi ci ye .fu ren qing an ze le sheng .tong ze si si .chui chu zhi xia .he qiu er bu de .zuo qiu ren bu sheng tong .ze shi ci yi shi zhi .li zhi zhe li qi ran .ze zhi dao yi ming zhi .shang zou wei que .ze duan lian er zhou nei zhi .gai zou dang zhi cheng .sui jiu yao ting zhi .you yi wei si you yu gu .he ze .cheng lian zhe zhong .wen zhi zhi zui ming ye .shi yi yu li zhuan wei shen ke .can zei er wang ji .tou wei yi qie .bu gu guo huan .ci shi zhi da zei ye .gu su yu yue ..hua di wei yu yi bu ru .ke mu wei li qi bu dui ..ci jie ji li zhi feng .bei tong zhi ci ye .gu tian xia zhi huan .mo shen yu yu .bai fa luan zheng .li qin sai dao .mo shen hu zhi yu zhi li .ci suo wei yi shang cun zhe ye ...chen wen wu yuan zhi luan bu hui .er hou feng huang ji .fei bang zhi zui bu zhu .er hou liang yan jin .gu gu ren you yan ..shan sou zang ji .chuan ze na wu .jin yu ni e .guo jun han gou ..wei bi xia chu fei bang yi zhao qie yan .kai tian xia zhi kou .guang zhen jian zhi lu .sao wang qin zhi shi .zun wen wu zhi de .sheng fa zhi .kuan xing fa .yi fei zhi yu .ze tai ping zhi feng ke xing yu shi .yong lv he le .yu tian wang ji .tian xia xing shen ..shang shan qi yan .diao yu wei su .cui bing zuo shui .dong jun fen fu chun huan .he ren bian jiang qing nuan .dian po can han .jie ban ta qing qu hao .ping tou xie zi xiao shuang luan .yan jiao wai .wang zhong xiu se .ru you wu jian .qing ze ge .yin ze ge .dou ding de tian qi .you xu duo ban .xu jiao lou hua bo liu .zheng yao xian kan .bu dao wu ling xiu wa .xiang ni xie qin ji xing ban .dong feng qiao .jin shou cui lv .chui zai mei shan .chun ri chi chi chun cao lv .ye tang kai jin piao xiang yu . xiu ling gong qian he fa weng .you chang kai yuan tai ping qu .gu ren bu ke jian .han shui ri dong liu .jie wen xiang yang lao .jiang shan kong cai zhou .shan yue sui ke lai .zhu ren xing bu qian .jin xiao zhu lin xia .shui jue hua yuan yuan .chou chang shu ying ti .gu yun huan jue yan .

　　范氏逃亡的(de)时候，有个人趁机偷了一口钟，想要背着它逃跑。但是，这口钟太大了，不好背，他就(jiu)打算用(yong)锤子砸碎以后再背。谁知，刚砸了一下，那口钟就“咣”地发出了很大的响声。他生怕别人听到钟声，来把钟夺走了，就急忙把自己的两只耳朵紧紧捂住继续敲。害怕别人听到钟的声音，这是可以理解(jie)的；但捂住自己的耳朵就以为别人也听不到了，这就太荒谬了。
⑸白登：山名，在山西省大同县东。汉高祖刘邦曾在此被匈奴所围，用陈平的奇计脱险。陈平封曲逆侯。夜不敢寝，听到宫门开启的钥锁，
（70）为人：助人。此处有认为柳宗元参加王叔文集团是政治上的失慎之意。所以下面说“不自贵重”。楚山长长的蕲竹如云彩遍布，特异的竹子清秀，高出众多树木之天外。笛竹如长细的龙须一半在挥动，如凤凰的胸脯微微突起，如美人的肌体匀称满布。笛音如江南树木稀疏，如云梦雨后开晴，如月明星稀，微风吹拂。自从蔡邕离世，桓伊仙逝，谁知空自寂寞，辜负了多少岁月。
②飞：《云麓漫钞》谓见真迹作“栖”。可怜呵，他在路旁哭得嗓子嘶哑。
3.语：谈论，说话。茂密的竹林丛中深处《鹧鸪》郑谷 古诗寻找温暖的巢穴，夕阳就要落山，带来悲凉的苦意。
⑶涵辉楼：在黄冈县西南。宋韩琦《涵辉楼》诗：“临江三四楼，次第压城首。山光遍轩楹，波影撼(han)窗牖。”为当地名胜。苏轼《醉蓬莱》序云：“余谪居黄州，三见重九，每岁与太守徐君猷会于西霞楼。”徐君猷：名大受，当时黄州知州。三个早晨行在黄牛峡(xia)，三个晚上还在黄牛峡打转。
②榆关：犹“榆塞”，泛指北方边塞。

　　虽然后人有了新的看法，认为石钟山是因山形像覆钟而得名的，今人经考察又认为石钟山是因“形”和“声”两方面而得名的。苏轼的说法不完全正确。但并不能因此否定苏轼的努力。人们对于客观事物的认识，本来就有一个过程，而且后人对苏轼说法的怀疑、察疑、释疑，正是和苏轼的不迷信古人，不轻信旧说，不主观臆断，而自愿亲身实地观察的精神一致的。二.石钟山简介和历代对石钟山得名由来的三种说法　石钟山位于鄱阳湖入长江之处，属江西湖口。由中石炭系的石灰岩构成。有上下两座山，南边一座滨临鄱阳湖的叫上钟山，面积约0.34平方公里，北边一座滨临长江的叫下钟山，面积约0.2平方公里。两山海拔都只有70米上下，相对高度50～55米。两山相距不到一公里。石钟山虽然并不高大，但因位于鄱阳湖入长江处，交通方便，而且波光山色，风景幽美，所以历来成为旅游胜地。
　　从全篇看，特别是从结句看，其主要特点是比兴并用，虚实相生，能够唤起读者的许多联想。但结合作者被贬谪的原因、经过和被贬以后继续遭受诽谤、打击，动辄得咎的处境，它有言外之意，则是不成问题的。
　　再观全诗，九个“一”巧妙嵌入其中，将诗与图的意境表现得分毫不差，细细品味，这些“一”用得十分贴切又有情趣。最后一句“一人独钓一江秋”，渔人钓的是鱼？是秋？是潇洒自在的生活？是无拘无束的心情？在诗人看来，这样的秋江独钓者，才是真正懂得生活乐趣的人。
　　第二首诗描写在夜深霜重的凄凉环境中，宫中女子孤独寂寞的悲惨情景。她彻夜难眠，想起进宫以来的日子实在不堪回首。她渴望得到君王的眷顾，在银灯下守到夜深，最后还是失望而终。这首诗情感抒发较为直接，心理刻画较为生动，充分地表现了宫中失宠女子的幽怨之情。
　　这首诗的结构很不匀称，前一部分为十二句，后一部分只有四句。前十二句诗人用浓墨重笔，从才艺出众、气质雍容、姿色美艳、妆饰华贵、感情深沉专一等各个侧面，精心地刻画出一个动人的美女形象。但后四句陡然逆转，却又把这一形象的价值轻轻地一笔勾销了。而且前十二句越是把真珠描绘得可爱可贵，其结果却是她越被反跌得可叹可悲。这种奇突的结构形式，更加深刻地突出了真珠这一人物的悲剧命运，有力地强化了全诗的主题。