一叶鸣秋，五蓂纪瑞，申月还庆生申。巍巍郎宿，辉映寿星明。一段精神玉立，秋潭自、足副徽称。长生箓，只在公丹府，何待祝修龄。家贫无计早离家，离得家来蹇滞多。已是数程行雨雪，月日，居易白。微之足下：自足下谪江陵至于今，凡枉赠答诗仅百篇。每诗来，或辱序，或辱书，冠于卷首，皆所以陈古今歌诗之义，且自叙为文因缘，与年月之远近也。仆既受足下诗，又谕足下此意，常欲承答来旨，粗论歌诗大端，并自述为文之意，总为一书，致足下前。累岁已来，牵故少暇，间有容隙，或欲为之；又自思所陈，亦无出足下之见；临纸复罢者数四，卒不能成就其志，以至于今。今俟罪浔阳，除盥栉食寝外无余事，因览足下去通州日所留新旧文二十六轴，开卷得意，忽如会面，心所畜者，便欲快言，往往自疑，不知相去万里也。既而愤悱之气，思有所浊，遂追就前志，勉为此书，足下幸试为仆留意一省。夫文，尚矣，三才各有文。天之文三光首之；地之文五材首之；人之文《六经》首之。就《六经》言，《诗》又首之。何者？圣人感人心而天下和平。感人心者，莫先乎情，莫始乎言，莫切乎声，莫深乎义。诗者，根情，苗言，华声，实义。上自圣贤，下至愚騃，微及豚鱼，幽及鬼神。群分而气同，形异而情一。未有声入而不应、情交而不感者。圣人知其然，因其言，经之以六义；缘其声，纬之以五音。音有韵，义有类。韵协则言顺，言顺则声易入；类举则情见，情见则感易交。于是乎孕大含深，贯微洞密，上下通而一气泰，忧乐合而百志熙。五帝三皇所以直道而行、垂拱而理者，揭此以为大柄，决此以为大窦也。故闻“元首明，股肱良”之歌，则知虞道昌矣。闻五子洛汭之歌，则知夏政荒矣。言者无罪，闻者足诫，言者闻者莫不两尽其心焉。洎周衰秦兴，采诗官废，上不以诗补察时政，下不以歌泄导人情。用至于谄成之风动，救失之道缺。于时六义始剚矣。《国风》变为《骚辞》，五言始于苏、李。《诗》、《骚》皆不遇者，各系其志，发而为文。故河梁之句，止于伤别；泽畔之吟，归于怨思。彷徨抑郁，不暇及他耳。然去《诗》未远，梗概尚存。故兴离别则引双凫一雁为喻，讽君子小人则引香草恶鸟为比。虽义类不具，犹得风人之什二三焉。于时六义始缺矣。晋、宋已还，得者盖寡。以康乐之奥博，多溺于山水；以渊明之高古，偏放于田园。江、鲍之流，又狭于此。如梁鸿《五噫》之例者，百无一二。于时六义浸微矣！陵夷至于梁、陈间，率不过嘲风雪、弄花草而已。噫！风雪花草之物，三百篇中岂舍之乎？顾所用何如耳。设如“北风其凉”，假风以刺威虐；“雨雪霏霏”，因雪以愍征役；“棠棣之华”，感华以讽兄弟；“采采芣苡”，美草以乐有子也。皆兴发于此而义归于彼。反是者，可乎哉！然则“余霞散成绮，澄江净如练”，“归花先委露，别叶乍辞风”之什，丽则丽矣，吾不知其所讽焉。故仆所谓嘲风雪、弄花草而已。于时六义尽去矣。唐兴二百年，其间诗人不可胜数。所可举者，陈子昂有《感遇诗》二十首，鲍防《感兴诗》十五篇。又诗之豪者，世称李、杜。李之作，才矣！奇矣！人不迨矣！索其风雅比兴，十无一焉。杜诗最多，可传者千余首。至于贯穿古今，覙缕格律，尽工尽善，又过于李焉。然撮其《新安》、《石壕》、《潼关吏》、《芦子关》、《花门》之章，“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”之句，亦不过十三四。杜尚如此，况不迨杜者乎？仆常痛诗道崩坏，忽忽愤发，或废食辍寝，不量才力，欲扶起之。嗟乎！事有大谬者，又不可一二而言，然亦不能不粗陈于左右。仆始生六七月时，乳母抱弄于书屏下，有指“之”字、“无”字示仆者，仆口未能言，心已默识。后有问此二字者，虽百十其试，而指之不差。则知仆宿习之缘，已在文字中矣。及五六岁，便学为诗。九岁谙识声韵。十五六，始知有进士，苦节读书。二十已来，昼课赋，夜课书，间又课诗，不遑寝息矣。以至于口舌成疮，手肘成胝。既壮而肤革不丰盈，未老而齿发早衰白；瞀瞀然如飞蝇垂珠在眸子中者，动以万数，盖以苦学力文之所致，又自悲。家贫多故，二十七方从乡赋。既第之后，虽专于科试，亦不废诗。及授校书郎时，已盈三四百首。或出示交友如足下辈，见皆谓之工，其实未窥作者之域耳。自登朝来，年齿渐长，阅事渐多。每与人言，多询时务；每读书史，多求理道。始知文章合为时而着，歌诗合为事而作。是时皇帝初即位，宰府有正人，屡降玺书，访人急病。仆当此日，擢在翰林，身是谏官，月请谏纸。启奏之间，有可以救济人病，裨补时阙，而难于指言者，辄咏歌之，欲稍稍进闻于上。上以广宸听，副忧勤；次以酬恩奖，塞言责；下以复吾平生之志。岂图志未就而悔已生，言未闻而谤已成矣！又请为左右终言之。凡闻仆《贺雨诗》，众口籍籍，以为非宜矣；闻仆《哭孔戡诗》，众面脉脉，尽不悦矣；闻《秦中吟》，则权豪贵近者，相目而变色矣；闻《登乐游园》寄足下诗，则执政柄者扼腕矣；闻《宿紫阁村》诗，则握军要者切齿矣！大率如此，不可遍举。不相与者，号为沽誉，号为诋讦，号为讪谤。苟相与者，则如牛僧孺之诫焉。乃至骨肉妻孥，皆以我为非也。其不我非者，举世不过三两人。有邓鲂者，见仆诗而喜，无何鲂死。有唐衢者，见仆诗而泣，未几而衢死。其余即足下。足下又十年来困踬若此。呜唿！岂六义四始之风，天将破坏，不可支持耶？抑又不知天意不欲使下人病苦闻于上耶？不然，何有志于诗者，不利若此之甚也！然仆又自思关东一男子耳，除读书属文外，其他懵然无知，乃至书画棋博，可以接群居之欢者，一无通晓，即其愚拙可知矣！初应进士时，中朝无缌麻之亲，达官无半面之旧；策蹇步于利足之途，张空拳于战文之场。十年之间，三登科第，名落众耳，迹升清贯，出交贤俊，入侍冕旒。始得名于文章，终得罪于文章，亦其宜也。日者闻亲友间说，礼、吏部举选人，多以仆私试赋判为准的。其余诗句，亦往往在人口中。仆恧然自愧，不之信也。及再来长安，又闻有军使高霞寓者，欲聘倡妓，妓大夸曰：“我诵得白学士《长恨歌》，岂同他哉？”由是增价。又足下书云：到通州日，见江馆柱间有题仆诗者。何人哉？又昨过汉南日，适遇主人集众娱乐，他宾诸妓见仆来，指而相顾曰：此是《秦中吟》、《长恨歌》主耳。自长安抵江西三四千里，凡乡校、佛寺、逆旅、行舟之中，往往有题仆诗者；士庶、僧徒、孀妇、处女之口，每有咏仆诗者。此诚雕篆之戏，不足为多，然今时俗所重，正在此耳。虽前贤如渊、云者，前辈如李、杜者，亦未能忘情于其间。古人云：“名者公器，不可多取。”仆是何者，窃时之名已多。既窃时名，又欲窃时之富贵，使己为造物者，肯兼与之乎？今之屯穷，理固然也。况诗人多蹇，如陈子昂、杜甫，各授一拾遗，而屯剥至死。孟浩然辈不及一命，穷悴终身。近日孟郊六十，终试协律；张籍五十，未离一太祝。彼何人哉！况仆之才又不迨彼。今虽谪佐远郡，而官品至第五，月俸四五万，寒有衣，饥有食，给身之外，施及家人。亦可谓不负白氏子矣。微之，微之！勿念我哉！仆数月来，检讨囊帙中，得新旧诗，各以类分，分为卷目。自拾遗来，凡所遇所感，关于美刺兴比者；又自武德至元和，因事立题，题为“新乐府”者，共一百五十首，谓之讽谕诗。又或退公独处，或移动病闲居，知足保和，吟玩性情者一百首，谓之”闲适诗“。又有事物牵于外，情理动于内，随感遇而形于叹咏者一百首，谓之”感伤诗“。又有五言、七言、长句、绝句，自一百韵至两百韵者四百余首，谓之”杂律诗“。凡为十五卷，约八百首。异时相见，当尽致于执事。微之，古人云：“穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。”仆虽不肖，常师此语。大丈夫所守者道，所待者时。时之来也，为云龙，为风鹏，勃然突然，陈力以出；时之不来也，为雾豹，为冥鸿，寂兮寥兮，奉身而退。进退出处，何往而不自得哉！故仆志在兼济，行在独善，奉而始终之则为道，言而发明之则为诗。谓之讽谕诗，兼济之志也；谓之闲适诗，独善之义也。故览仆诗者，知仆之道焉。其余杂律诗，或诱于一时一物，发于一笑一吟，率然成章，非平生所尚者，但以亲朋合散之际，取其释恨佐欢，今铨次之间，未能删去。他时有为我编集斯文者，略之可也。微之，夫贵耳贱目，荣古陋今，人之大情也。仆不能远征古旧，如近岁韦苏州歌行，才丽之外，颇近兴讽；其五言诗，又高雅闲淡，自成一家之体，今之秉笔者谁能及之？然当苏州在时，人亦未甚爱重，必待身后，人始贵之。今仆之诗，人所爱者，悉不过杂律诗与《长恨歌》已下耳。时之所重，仆之所轻。至于讽谕者，意激而言质；闲适者，思澹而辞迂。以质合迂，宜人之不爱也。今所爱者，并世而生，独足下耳。然百千年后，安知复无如足下者出，而知爱我诗哉？故自八九年来，与足下小通则以诗相戒，小穷则以诗相勉，索居则以诗相慰，同处则以诗相娱。知吾罪吾，率以诗也。如今年春游城南时，与足下马上相戏，因各诵新艳小律，不杂他篇，自皇子陂归昭国里，迭吟递唱，不绝声者二十里余。攀、李在傍，无所措口。知我者以为诗仙，不知我者以为诗魔。何则？劳心灵，役声气，连朝接夕，不自知其苦，非魔而何？偶同人当美景，或花时宴罢，或月夜酒酣，一咏一吟，不觉老之将至。虽骖鸾鹤、游蓬瀛者之适，无以加于此焉，又非仙而何？微之，微之！此吾所以与足下外形骸、脱踪迹、傲轩鼎、轻人寰者，又以此也。当此之时，足下兴有余力，且欲与仆悉索还往中诗，取其尤长者，如张十八古乐府，李二十新歌行，卢、杨二秘书律诗，窦七、元八绝句，博搜精掇，编而次之，号为《元白往还集》。众君子得拟议于此者，莫不踊跃欣喜，以为盛事。嗟乎！言未终而足下左转，不数月而仆又继行，心期索然，何日成就？又可为之太息矣！仆常语足下，凡人为文，私于自是，不忍于割截，或失于繁多。其间妍媸，益又自惑。必待交友有公鉴无姑息者，讨论而削夺之，然后繁简当否，得其中矣。况仆与足下，为文尤患其多。己尚病，况他人乎？今且各纂诗笔，粗为卷第，待与足下相见日，各出所有，终前志焉。又不知相遇是何年，相见是何地，溘然而至，则如之何？微之知我心哉！浔阳腊月，江风苦寒，岁暮鲜欢，夜长少睡。引笔铺纸，悄然灯前，有念则书，言无铨次。勿以繁杂为倦，且以代一夕之话言也。居易自叙如此，文士以为信然。冬夜怀友暮云收，冷风飕，到中宵月来清更幽。倚遍江楼，望断汀洲，雪月照人愁。舍梅花谁是交游？饮松醪自想期祷。王子猷干罢手，戴安道且蒙头。休，谁驾剡溪舟？别友一叶身，二毛人，功名壮怀犹未伸。夜雨论文，明月伤神，秋色淡离樽。离东君桃李侯门，过西风杨柳渔村。酒船同棹月，诗担自挑云。君，孤雁不堪听！有所思燕子来，海棠开，西厢尚愁音信乖。问柳章台，采药天台，归去却伤怀。恰嗔人踏破苍苔，不知他行出瑶阶。见刚刚三寸迹，想窄窄一双鞋。猜，多早晚到书斋？琴拂莎庭石，茶担乳洞泉。莫耽云水兴，疲俗待君痊。梵宫既隐隐，灵岫亦沈沈。平郊送晚日，高峰落远阴。回幡飞曙岭，疏钟响昼林。蝉鸣秋气近，泉吐石溪深。抗迹禅枝地，发念菩提心。席作此花柳乡中自在仙，惹春风两袖翩翩。酒社诗坛，舞台歌榭，百年里几番相见。【新水令】君家家近六桥边，占西湖洞天一片。柳阴蓝翠蔼，花气麝兰烟。锦缆银鞭，一步步画屏画。【胡十八】醉舞筵，歌扇。偎柳坐，枕花眠，生来长费杖头钱。酒中遇仙，诗中悟禅，有情燕子楼，无意翰林院。【离亭宴带歇指煞】珊瑚文采无机绚，珍珠咳唾冰花溅。霜毫锦笺，品藻杜司空，褒弹张殿元，出落双知县。一襟东鲁书，两助西厢传，相看黯然。朝雨渭城愁，夕阳南浦恨，芳草阳关怨。休言鸡黍期，谩结莺花愿。咱两个明年后年，湖上吊苏林，花间觅刘阮。　赠玉莲王氏玉立亭亭太华仙，间别来不记何年。云隔瑶池，尘飞沧海，谁承望又还相见。【沉醉东风】仿佛在耶溪岸边，分明在太液池前。琼簪坠地轻，罗袜凌波浅，胜华清赐浴温泉。微露浸浸翠钿钿，越显得香娇玉软。【离亭宴带歇指煞】韩昌黎甜句儿多称羡，周濂溪美意儿常留恋。都则为凤流自然，馨香胜喷水龙涎。花瓣巧攒珠蚌壳，藕丝细吐冰蚕茧。欺风弄缟衣，妒月搏纨扇。三般儿可怜：叶老翠房空，波寒妆镜惨，粉淡芳容变。休将玉漏催，且尽碧筒宴，多娇自勉。恁若许惜花的攀，我先将并头选。　赠凤台春王姬赢女吹箫引凤凰，筑高台配会萧郎。前度相别，今番相见，还喜玉人无恙。【风入松】开奁顾影试新妆，光艳射朝阳。羽衣似得霓裳谱，东风软舞态悠扬。不似碧梧深院，全胜箫竹高岗。【沉醉东风】也沮得李白吟成乐章，怎容他吕安题做门墙。九苞祥瑞姿，五彩风流样，压东园旧日风光。春日迟迟春夜长，可知道一刻千金玩赏。【离亭宴带歇指煞】想春容随处相寻访，检春工所事堪褒奖。最关情是几桩：春色染莺花，春声谐凤管，春梦迷鸳帐。春透筵前绿蚁杯，春生被底红桃浪。多管是东君主张，不容狂蝶乱追随，不许游蜂干絮聒。不愁杜宇闲悲怆。凭凌燕子楼，弹压鸡儿巷。嘱付您知音的莫忘：消春闷尽盘桓，散春心任来往。【双调】风入松　题马氏吴山景卷十年踪迹走尘霾，踏破几青鞋。自怜未了看山债，先赢得两鬓斑白。登山屐时时旋整，买山钱日日牢揣。【幺篇】吴山佳丽压江淮，形胜小蓬莱。推蓝耸翠天然态，才落眼便上心怀。但得仪容谈冶，何妨骨格岩。【沉醉东风】朝云过蛾眉展开，暮云闲螺髻偏歪。玲珑碧玉簪，缥缈青罗带，抵多少翠袖金钗。馋眼的夫差若见来，将馆娃移居左侧。【离亭宴煞尾】李营丘曾写凤流格，苏东坡也捏疏狂怪。韶光荡来，探春人车傍柳边行，贩茶客船从湖上舣，偷香汉马向花前蓦。笙歌步步随，罗绮丛丛隘。三般儿异哉：胭脂岭高若舍身台，玛瑙坡宽如人瓮，珍珠池险似迷魂海。休言金谷园，漫说铜驼陌，知音的自裁。待消身外十分愁，来看山头四时色。娱亲仍着老莱衣，慈竹平安愿已违。北斗香焚虔午夜，西山景迫恋春晖。诚通神鬼幽兰洁，梦入池塘寸草腓。十有八年如一日，抱铛孺慕等依依。苦贫皆共雪，吾子岂同悲。永日应无食，经宵必有诗。窗竹芟多漏月光。粉壁不题新拙恶，小屏唯录古篇章。

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li zun .li dong jun tao li hou men .guo xi feng yang liu yu cun .jiu chuan tong zhao yue .shi dan zi tiao yun .jun .gu yan bu kan ting .you suo si yan zi lai .hai tang kai .xi xiang shang chou yin xin guai .wen liu zhang tai .cai yao tian tai .gui qu que shang huai .qia chen ren ta po cang tai .bu zhi ta xing chu yao jie .jian gang gang san cun ji .xiang zhai zhai yi shuang xie .cai .duo zao wan dao shu zhai .qin fu sha ting shi .cha dan ru dong quan .mo dan yun shui xing .pi su dai jun quan .fan gong ji yin yin .ling xiu yi shen shen .ping jiao song wan ri .gao feng luo yuan yin .hui fan fei shu ling .shu zhong xiang zhou lin .chan ming qiu qi jin .quan tu shi xi shen .kang ji chan zhi di .fa nian pu ti xin .xi zuo cihua liu xiang zhong zi zai xian .re chun feng liang xiu pian pian .jiu she shi tan .wu tai ge xie .bai nian li ji fan xiang jian ..xin shui ling .jun jia jia jin liu qiao bian .zhan xi hu dong tian yi pian .liu yin lan cui ai .hua qi she lan yan .jin lan yin bian .yi bu bu hua ping hua ..hu shi ba .zui wu yan ..ge shan .wei liu zuo .zhen hua mian .sheng lai chang fei zhang tou qian .jiu zhong yu xian .shi zhong wu chan .you qing yan zi lou .wu yi han lin yuan ..li ting yan dai xie zhi sha .shan hu wen cai wu ji xuan .zhen zhu ke tuo bing hua jian .shuang hao jin jian .pin zao du si kong .bao dan zhang dian yuan .chu luo shuang zhi xian .yi jin dong lu shu .liang zhu xi xiang chuan .xiang kan an ran .chao yu wei cheng chou .xi yang nan pu hen .fang cao yang guan yuan .xiu yan ji shu qi .man jie ying hua yuan .zan liang ge ming nian hou nian .hu shang diao su lin .hua jian mi liu ruan ..zeng yu lian wang shi yu li ting ting tai hua xian .jian bie lai bu ji he nian .yun ge yao chi .chen fei cang hai .shui cheng wang you huan xiang jian ..chen zui dong feng .fang fo zai ye xi an bian .fen ming zai tai ye chi qian .qiong zan zhui di qing .luo wa ling bo qian .sheng hua qing ci yu wen quan .wei lu jin jin cui dian dian .yue xian de xiang jiao yu ruan ..li ting yan dai xie zhi sha .han chang li tian ju er duo cheng xian .zhou lian xi mei yi er chang liu lian .du ze wei feng liu zi ran .xin xiang sheng pen shui long xian .hua ban qiao zan zhu bang ke .ou si xi tu bing can jian .qi feng nong gao yi .du yue bo wan shan .san ban er ke lian .ye lao cui fang kong .bo han zhuang jing can .fen dan fang rong bian .xiu jiang yu lou cui .qie jin bi tong yan .duo jiao zi mian .ren ruo xu xi hua de pan .wo xian jiang bing tou xuan ..zeng feng tai chun wang ji ying nv chui xiao yin feng huang .zhu gao tai pei hui xiao lang .qian du xiang bie .jin fan xiang jian .huan xi yu ren wu yang ..feng ru song .kai lian gu ying shi xin zhuang .guang yan she chao yang .yu yi si de ni shang pu .dong feng ruan wu tai you yang .bu si bi wu shen yuan .quan sheng xiao zhu gao gang ..chen zui dong feng .ye ju de li bai yin cheng le zhang .zen rong ta lv an ti zuo men qiang .jiu bao xiang rui zi .wu cai feng liu yang .ya dong yuan jiu ri feng guang .chun ri chi chi chun ye chang .ke zhi dao yi ke qian jin wan shang ..li ting yan dai xie zhi sha .xiang chun rong sui chu xiang xun fang .jian chun gong suo shi kan bao jiang .zui guan qing shi ji zhuang .chun se ran ying hua .chun sheng xie feng guan .chun meng mi yuan zhang .chun tou yan qian lv yi bei .chun sheng bei di hong tao lang .duo guan shi dong jun zhu zhang .bu rong kuang die luan zhui sui .bu xu you feng gan xu guo .bu chou du yu xian bei chuang .ping ling yan zi lou .dan ya ji er xiang .zhu fu nin zhi yin de mo wang .xiao chun men jin pan huan .san chun xin ren lai wang ..shuang diao .feng ru song .ti ma shi wu shan jing juan shi nian zong ji zou chen mai .ta po ji qing xie .zi lian wei liao kan shan zhai .xian ying de liang bin ban bai .deng shan ji shi shi xuan zheng .mai shan qian ri ri lao chuai ..yao pian .wu shan jia li ya jiang huai .xing sheng xiao peng lai .tui lan song cui tian ran tai .cai luo yan bian shang xin huai .dan de yi rong tan ye .he fang gu ge yan ...chen zui dong feng .chao yun guo e mei zhan kai .mu yun xian luo ji pian wai .ling long bi yu zan .piao miao qing luo dai .di duo shao cui xiu jin cha .chan yan de fu cha ruo jian lai .jiang guan wa yi ju zuo ce ..li ting yan sha wei .li ying qiu zeng xie feng liu ge .su dong po ye nie shu kuang guai .shao guang dang lai .tan chun ren che bang liu bian xing .fan cha ke chuan cong hu shang yi .tou xiang han ma xiang hua qian mo .sheng ge bu bu sui .luo qi cong cong ai .san ban er yi zai .yan zhi ling gao ruo she shen tai .ma nao po kuan ru ren .weng .zhen zhu chi xian si mi hun hai .xiu yan jin gu yuan .man shuo tong tuo mo .zhi yin de zi cai .dai xiao shen wai shi fen chou .lai kan shan tou si shi se .yu qin reng zhuo lao lai yi .ci zhu ping an yuan yi wei .bei dou xiang fen qian wu ye .xi shan jing po lian chun hui .cheng tong shen gui you lan jie .meng ru chi tang cun cao fei .shi you ba nian ru yi ri .bao cheng ru mu deng yi yi .ku pin jie gong xue .wu zi qi tong bei .yong ri ying wu shi .jing xiao bi you shi .chuang zhu shan duo lou yue guang .fen bi bu ti xin zhuo e .xiao ping wei lu gu pian zhang .

　　乾隆三十二年冬，葬三妹素文在上元的(de)羊山上，并作这篇文章来致祭：　　唉！你生在浙江，却葬在此地，远(yuan)离我(wo)们的故乡七百里了；当时你即使做梦、幻想，也怎会知道这里竟是你的埋骨所在呢？　　你因为坚守从一而终的贞节观念，嫁了一个品德败坏的丈夫而被遗弃，以致陷在孤苦落拓的境地，虽然这是命中注定，是上天的安排，然而连累你到这种地步，也未尝不是我的过错。我幼年时跟从老师诵读四书五经，你同我并肩坐在一起，爱听那些古人的节义故事；一旦长大成人，你立即亲身来实践。唉！要是你不懂得经书，也许未必会像这样苦守贞节。　　我捉蟋蟀，你紧跟我捋袖伸臂，抢着捕捉；寒冬蟋蟀死了，你又同我一起挖穴埋葬它们。今天我收殓你的尸体，给你安葬，而当年的种种情景，却一一清晰地呈现在眼前。我九岁时，在书房里休息，你梳着两个发髻，披了一件细绢单衣进来，共同温习《诗经》中的《缁衣》一章；刚好老师开门进来，听到两个孩子琅琅的读书声，不禁微笑起来，连声“啧啧”称赞。这是七月十五日的事情。你在九泉之下，一定还清楚地记得。我二十岁去广西，你牵住我的衣裳，悲伤痛哭。过了三年，我考中进士，衣锦还乡，你从东厢房扶着长桌出来，一家人瞪着眼相视而笑，记不得当时话是从哪里说起，大概是说了些在京城考进士的经过情况以及报信人来得早、晚等等吧。所有(you)这些琐碎的事情，虽然已经成为过去，但只要我一天不死，就一天也不能忘却。往事堆积在我的胸中，想起来，心头悲切得像被堵塞似的。它们像影子一样似乎非常清晰，但真要靠近它抓住它，却又不见了。我后悔当时没有把这些儿时的情状，一条一条详细地记录下来；然而你已不在人间了，那么即使年光可以倒流回去，儿童时代可以重新来过，也没有人来为它们对照证实的了。　　你与高家断绝关系后回到娘家，堂上老母，依仗你照料扶持；家中的文书事务，期待你去办理。我曾经以为妇女中很少明白经书的意义、熟识古代文物典故的人。你嫂嫂并非不够温柔和顺，但在这方面稍有不足。所以自从你回家后，虽然我为你而悲伤，对我自己来说却很高兴。我又比你年长四岁，或许像世间通常那样年长的先死，那就可以将身后之事托付给你；却没有想到你比我先离开人世！　　前些年我生了病，你整夜都在打听、探望病情，减轻一分就高兴，加重一分就担忧。后来虽然我的病情稍有好转，但仍半卧半起，感到没有什么好取乐消遣；你来到我的床前，讲一些稗官野史中使人好笑和使人惊奇的故事，给我带来一些欢乐。唉！自今以后，我如果再有病痛，教我从哪里去呼唤你呢？　　你的病，我相信医师的话以为不要紧，所以才远游去扬州。你又怕我心中忧虑，不让别人来给我报信。直到病已垂危时，母亲问你：“盼望哥哥回来吗？”，你才勉强答应说：“好。”就在你死前一日，我已梦见你来诀别，心知这是不吉祥的，急忙飞舟渡江赶(gan)回家。果然，我于未时到家，而你已在辰时停止了呼吸，四肢尚有余温，一只眼睛还未闭紧，大概你还在忍受着临死的痛苦等待我回来吧。唉！痛心啊！早知要和你诀别，那我怎么肯离家远游呢？即使出外，也还有多少心里话要让你知道、同你一起商量安排啊！如今完了，除非我死，否则就没有相见的日期。可我又不知道哪一天死，才可以见到你；而死后究竟有知觉还是没有知觉，以及能相见还是不能相见，终究是难以明白的啊！如果如此，那么我将终身抱着这无穷的遗恨，天啊！人啊！竟然这样完了吗！　　你的诗，我已经付印了；你的女儿，我已替你嫁了出去；你的生平，我已写了传记；只有你的墓穴，还没有安排好。我家祖先的坟墓在杭州，但是江广河深，势难将你归葬到祖坟，所以请示母亲的意见而把你安葬在这里，以便于祭奠扫墓。在你的墓傍，葬着你的女儿阿印，在下面还有两个坟墓，一个是父亲的侍妾朱氏，一个是我的侍妾陶氏。羊山空旷辽阔，朝南是一片宽广的平地，西望面向着栖霞山；风风雨雨，清晨黄昏，你这个羁留在异乡的精魂有了伴侣，当不致于感到孤独寂寞。可怜的是，我自从戊寅年读了你写的哭侄诗后，至今没有儿子；两个牙牙学语的女儿，在你死后出生，才只有一周岁。我虽因母亲健全而不敢说自己老，但齿牙摇动，头发已秃，自己心里知道，在这人世间尚能活几天？阿品弟远在河南为官，也没有子女，我家九族之内没有可以传宗接代的人。你死有我安葬，我死后由谁来埋葬呢？你如果死后有灵的话，能不能告诉我？　　唉！生前的事既不堪想，死后的事又不可知；哭你既听不到你回话，祭你又看不到你来享食。纸钱的灰烬飞扬着，北风在旷野里显得更猛，我回去了，但又连连回过头来看你。唉，真悲痛啊！唉，真悲痛啊！
③屠苏酒：酒名。此指宴会上所饮之酒。过去的仙人已经驾着黄鹤飞走了，这里只留下一座空荡荡的黄鹤楼。
⑤蜡花：蜡烛的火花。思君念君想赠什么？献书论政是我初衷。
（4）秋情：指秋天景象所引起的感伤情怀。今天故地重游而头发早已花白，想寻找从前见过的景色不禁令人迷茫。
以故：因此。 以，因为。 故，原因，缘故。远处的岸边有小船三两只，淅淅的风吹着刚长出来的芦苇萧萧做响。江心沙洲宿雁冲破晓烟飞去。残月照在小桥上，小桥上的白霜显得更白，天渐渐的亮了。远远的路上行人渐渐的多起来。往来的人，无论是坐车的还是乘船的，都是为了名和利。
81.降省：下来视察。　　张公出生于南京，为人很高洁，有高尚的节操，很有雅量，声明传播于天下。国家有重大事情，都可以托付给他的。在文章的末尾我作一首诗，内容如下：大宋天子坐龙廷，甲午之年日月新。忽然蜀人谣言起，边关敌寇将兴兵。朝廷良将纷如雨，文臣谋士多如云。天子赞叹说声嘻，命我张公远出征。张公方平来东方，西风猎猎大旗扬。蜀人围观睹风采，人山人海满街巷。齐道张公真坚毅，神色镇静又安详。张公开口谕蜀人：“各自还家且安顿，谣言莫传自安宁。谣言不祥且勿听，回去照常作营生。春日动手修桑枝，秋天谷场要扫清。”蜀人磕头拜张公，称他就像父与兄。公在蜀国园林居，草木繁茂郁葱葱。宴请文官与武将，击鼓作乐咚咚响。蜀人庆贺来观望，共祝公寿万年长。姑娘佳丽美婵娟，幽娴贞静闺房间。幼儿哇哇向人啼(ti)，牙牙学语已能言。当初张公不来蜀，你辈早已填沟壑。如今庄稼多茂盛，粮仓高耸堆满谷。可感我们妇与子，欢欢喜喜庆丰足。张公本是朝中臣，天子左右得力人。天子下诏命返驾，张公岂敢不允承。修起殿堂好庄严，又有廊房又有庭。公像挂在正当中，朝服冠带宛如真。蜀人纷纷来禀告，不敢放荡做懒人。张公放心回京城，像挂殿堂传美名。
【内无应门，五尺之僮】碧绿的湖面上笼罩着柳荫，人的倒影在明净的水波中映浸。经常浮现在记忆里的是年时节下花前的畅饮。到如今，夫妻离散无音信。羡慕那成双成对的鸳鸯，比翼齐飞到蓼花深处，人却是鸳梦已残，无计重温。
⒃蒙瞍：古代对盲人的两种称呼。当时乐官乐工常由盲人担任。公：读为“颂”，歌。或谓通“功”，奏功，成功。

其三
　　上面所引之诗中的后两句也是如此：明义说，他真希望有起死回生的返魂香，能救活黛玉，让宝、黛两个有情人成为眷属，把已断绝的月下老人所牵的红丝绳再接续起来。可想而知，只要“沉痼”能起，“红丝”也就能续，这与后来续书者想象宝、黛悲剧的原因在于婚姻不自主极为不同。倘若一切都如程伟元、高鹗整理的续书中所写的那样，则贾宝玉已有他属。起黛玉“沉痼”毫无作用。“续红丝”当然不是为了要她做宝二姨娘。
　　南唐中主李璟有首《摊破浣溪沙》词，下半阕换头两句“细雨梦回鸡塞远，小楼吹彻玉笙寒”，历来为人所传诵。王国维在《人间词话》中却认为，这两句不如它的上半阕开头两句“菡萏香销翠叶残，西风愁起绿波间”，并赞赏其“大有众芳芜秽，美人迟暮之感”。而原词接下来还有两句是：“还与韶光共顦顇，不堪看。”这几句词以及王国维的赞语，正可以作杜牧这两句诗的注脚。联系杜牧的遭遇来看，其所表现的就是这样一种芳时不再、美人迟暮之恨。杜牧是一个有政治抱负和主张的人，而不幸生在唐王朝的没落时期，平生志事，百无一酬，这时又受到排挤，出为外官，怀着壮志难酬的隐痛，所以在他的眼底、笔下，连眼前无情的绿荷，也仿佛充满哀愁了。
桂花概括
　　这首叙事短诗，并不以情节的曲折取胜，而是以人物的心理刻画见长。诗人用老翁自诉自叹、慰人亦即自慰的独白语气来展开描写，着重表现人物时而沉重忧愤、时而旷达自解的复杂的心理状态；而这种多变的情思基调，又决定了全诗的结构层次，于严谨整饬之中，具有跌宕起伏、缘情宛转之妙。
　　文章不长，但情感富于转折。正文一段与二段之间是转折，末段自身又含一层转折。一段的不朽之名，终究敌不过二段的万古之空；末段的理智超脱，终究敌不过情感的悄然渗透。转折之后，方见分量，方见沉重，而终不外“悲”与“情”二字。欧阳修曾云：“人生自是有情痴”，信然。
　　此诗首句写骆氏亭，翠竹、清水把这座亭轩映衬得格外清幽雅洁，诗人置身其间，颇有远离尘嚣之感。