国子先生晨入太学，招诸生立馆下，诲之曰：“业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。方今圣贤相逢，治具毕张。拔去凶邪，登崇畯良。占小善者率以录，名一艺者无不庸。爬罗剔抉，刮垢磨光。盖有幸而获选，孰云多而不扬？诸生业患不能精，无患有司之不明；行患不能成，无患有司之不公。”言未既，有笑于列者曰：“先生欺余哉！弟子事先生，于兹有年矣。先生口不绝吟于六艺之文，手不停披于百家之编。纪事者必提其要，纂言者必钩其玄。贪多务得，细大不捐。焚膏油以继晷，恒兀兀以穷年。先生之业，可谓勤矣。觝排异端，攘斥佛老。补苴罅漏，张皇幽眇。寻坠绪之茫茫，独旁搜而远绍。障百川而东之，回狂澜于既倒。先生之于儒，可谓有劳矣。沉浸醲郁，含英咀华，作为文章，其书满家。上规姚姒，浑浑无涯；周诰、殷《盘》，佶屈聱牙；《春秋》谨严，《左氏》浮夸；《易》奇而法，《诗》正而葩；下逮《庄》、《骚》，太史所录；子云，相如，同工异曲。先生之于文，可谓闳其中而肆其外矣。少始知学，勇于敢为；长通于方，左右具宜。先生之于为人，可谓成矣。然而公不见信于人，私不见助于友。跋前踬后，动辄得咎。暂为御史，遂窜南夷。三年博士，冗不见治。命与仇谋，取败几时。冬暖而儿号寒，年丰而妻啼饥。头童齿豁，竟死何裨。不知虑此，而反教人为？”先生曰：“吁，子来前！夫大木为杗，细木为桷，欂栌、侏儒，椳、闑、扂、楔，各得其宜，施以成室者，匠氏之工也。玉札、丹砂，赤箭、青芝，牛溲、马勃，败鼓之皮，俱收并蓄，待用无遗者，医师之良也。登明选公，杂进巧拙，纡馀为妍，卓荦为杰，校短量长，惟器是适者，宰相之方也。昔者孟轲好辩，孔道以明，辙环天下，卒老于行。荀卿守正，大论是弘，逃谗于楚，废死兰陵。是二儒者，吐辞为经，举足为法，绝类离伦，优入圣域，其遇于世何如也？今先生学虽勤而不繇其统，言虽多而不要其中，文虽奇而不济于用，行虽修而不显于众。犹且月费俸钱，岁靡廪粟；子不知耕，妇不知织；乘马从徒，安坐而食。踵常途之役役，窥陈编以盗窃。然而圣主不加诛，宰臣不见斥，兹非其幸欤？动而得谤，名亦随之。投闲置散，乃分之宜。若夫商财贿之有亡，计班资之崇庳，忘己量之所称，指前人之瑕疵，是所谓诘匠氏之不以杙为楹，而訾医师以昌阳引年，欲进其豨苓也。无将大车，祇自尘兮。无思百忧，祇自疧兮。无将大车，维尘冥冥。无思百忧，不出于颎。无将大车，维尘雍兮。无思百忧，祇自重兮。落叶纷纷满四邻，萧条环堵绝风尘。乡看秋草归无路，家对寒江病且贫。藜杖懒迎征骑客，菊花能醉去官人。怜君计画谁知者，但见蓬蒿空没身。处处祠田祖，年年宴杖乡。深思一德事，小获万人康。野老茅为屋，樵人薜作裳。宣风问耆艾，敦俗劝耕桑。臣窃惟事势，可为痛哭者一，可为流涕者二，可为长太息者六，若其它背理而伤道者，难遍以疏举。进言者皆曰天下已安已治矣，臣独以为未也。曰安且治者，非愚则谀，皆非事实知治乱之体者也。夫抱火厝之积薪之下而寝其上，火未及燃，因谓之安，方今之势，何以异此！本末舛逆，首尾衡决，国制抢攘，非甚有纪，胡可谓治！陛下何不一令臣得熟数之于前，因陈治安之策，试详择焉！夫射猎之娱，与安危之机孰急？使为治劳智虑，苦身体，乏钟鼓之乐，勿为可也。乐与今同，而加之诸侯轨道，兵革不动，民保首领，匈叙宾服，四荒乡风，百姓素朴，狱讼衰息。大数既得，则天下顺治，海内之气，清和咸理，生为明帝，没为明神，名誉之美，垂于无穷。《礼》祖有功而宗有德，使顾成之庙称为太宗，上配太祖，与汉亡极。建久安之势，成长治之业，以承祖庙，以奉六亲，至孝也；以幸天下，以育群生，至仁也；立经陈纪，轻重同得，后可以为万世法程，虽有愚幼不肖之嗣，犹得蒙业而安，至明也。以陛下之明达，因使少知治体者得佐下风，致此非难也。其具可素陈于前，愿幸无忽。臣谨稽之天地，验之往古，按之当今之务，日夜念此至孰也，虽使禹舜复生，为陛下计，亡以易此。夫树国固，必相疑之势也，下数被其殃，上数爽其忧，甚非所以安上而全下也。今或亲弟谋为东帝，亲兄之子西乡而击，今吴又见告矣。天子春秋鼎盛，行义未过，德泽有加焉，犹尚如是，况莫大诸侯权力且十此者乎！然而天下少安，何也？大国之王幼弱未壮，汉之所置傅相方握其事。数年之后，诸侯之王大抵皆冠，血气方刚，汉之傅相称病而赐罢，彼自丞尉以上徧置私人，如此，有异淮南、济北之为邪？此时而欲为治安，虽尧舜不治。黄帝曰：“日中必熭，操刀必割。”今令此道顺，而全安甚易；不肯早为，已乃堕骨肉之属而抗刭之，岂有异秦之季世乎！夫以天子之位，乘今之时，因天之助，尚惮以危为安，以乱为治，假设陛下居齐桓之处，将不合诸侯而匡天下乎？臣又以知陛下有所必不能矣。假设天下如曩时，淮阴侯尚王楚，黥布王淮南，彭越王梁，韩信王韩，张敖王赵，贯高为相，卢绾王燕，陈狶在代，令此六七公者皆亡恙，当是时而陛下即天子位，能自安乎？臣有以知陛下之不能也。天下肴乱，高皇帝与诸公倂起，非有仄室之势以豫席之也。诸公幸者乃为中涓，其次仅得舍人，材之不逮至远也。高皇帝以明圣威武即天子位，割膏腴之地以王诸公，多者百余城，少者乃三四十县，德至渥也，然其后十年之间，反者九起。陛下之与诸公，非亲角材而臣之也，又非身封王之也，自高皇帝不能以是一岁为安，故臣知陛下之不能也。然尚有可诿者，曰疏。臣请试言其亲者。假令悼惠王王齐，元王王楚，中子王赵，幽王王淮阳，共王王梁，灵王王燕，厉王王淮南，六七贵人皆亡恙，当是时陛下即位，能为治乎？臣又知陛下之不能也。若此诸王，虽名为臣，实皆有布衣昆弟之心，虑无不帝制而天子自为者。擅爵人，赦死罪，甚者或戴黄屋，汉法令非行也。虽行不轨如厉王者，令之不肯听，召之安可致乎！幸而来至，法安可得加！动一亲戚，天下圜视而起，陛下之臣虽有悍如冯敬者，适启其口，匕首已陷其胸矣。陛下虽贤，谁与领此？故疏者必危，亲者必乱，已然之效也。其异姓负强而动者，汉已幸胜之矣，又不易其所以然。同姓袭是迹而动，既有徵矣，其势尽又复然。殃祸之变未知所移，明帝处之尚不能以安，后世将如之何！屠牛坦一朝解十二牛，而芒刃不顿者，所排击剥割，皆众理解也。至于髋髀之所，非斤则斧。夫仁义恩厚，人主之芒刃也；权势法制，人主之斤斧也。今诸侯王皆众髋髀也，释斤斧之用，而欲婴以芒刃，臣以为不缺则折。胡不用之淮南、济北？势不可也。臣窃迹前事，大抵强者先反，淮阴王楚最强，则最先反；韩信倚胡，则又反；贯高因赵资，则又反；陈狶兵精，则又反；彭越用梁，则又反；黥布用淮南，则又反；卢绾最弱，最后反。长沙乃在二万五千户耳，功少而最完，势疏而最忠，非独性异人也，亦形势然也。曩令樊、郦、绛、灌据数十城而王，今虽以残亡可也；令信、越之伦列为彻侯而居，虽至今存可也。然则天下之大计可知已。欲诸王之皆忠附，则莫若令如长沙王，欲臣子之勿菹醢，则莫若令如樊郦等；欲天下之治安，莫若众建诸侯而少其力。力少则易使以义，国小则亡邪心。令海内之势如身之使臂，臂之使指，莫不制从。诸侯之君不敢有异心，辐凑并进而归命天子，虽在细民，且知其安，故天下咸知陛下之明。割地定制，令齐、赵、楚各为若干国，使悼惠王、幽王、元王之子孙毕以次各受祖之分地，地尽而止，及燕、梁它国皆然。其分地众而子孙少者，建以为国，空而置之，须其子孙生者，举使君之。诸侯之地其削颇入汉者，为徙其侯国，及封其子孙也，所以数偿之；一寸之地，一人之众，天子亡所利焉，诚以定治而已，故天下咸知陛下之廉。地制壹定，宗室子孙莫虑不王，下无倍畔之心，上无诛伐之志，故天下咸知陛下之仁。法立而不犯，令行而不逆，贯高、利几之谋不生，柴奇、开章不计不萌，细民乡善，大臣致顺，故天下咸知陛下之义。卧赤子天下之上而安，植遗腹，朝委裘，而天下不乱。当时大治，后世诵圣。壹动而五业附，陛下谁惮而久不为此？天下之势方病大瘇。一胫之大几如要，一指之大几如股，平居不可屈信，一二指搐，身虑亡聊。失今不治，必为锢疾，后虽有扁鹊，不能为已。病非徒瘇也，又苦跖戾。元王之子，帝之从弟也，今之王者，从弟之子也。惠王之子，亲兄子也；今之王者，兄子之子也。亲者或亡分地以安天下，疏者或制大权以逼天子，臣故曰非徒病瘇也，又苦跖戾。可痛哭者，此病是也。天下之势方倒县。凡天子者，天下之首，何也？上也。蛮夷者，天下之足，何也？下也。今匈奴嫚娒侵掠，至不敬也，为天下患，至亡已也，而汉岁金絮采缯以奉之。夷狄征令，是主上之操也；天子共贡，是臣下之礼也。足反居上，首顾居下，倒县如此，莫之能解，犹为国有人乎？非亶倒县而已，又类辟，且病痱。夫辟者一面病，痱者一方痛。今西边北边之郡，虽有长爵不轻得复，五尺以上不轻得息，斥候望烽燧不得卧，将吏被介胄而睡，臣故曰一方病矣。医能治之，而上不使，可为流涕者此也。陛下何忍以帝皇之号为戎人诸侯，势既卑辱，而祸不息，长此安穷！进谋者率以为是，固不可解也，亡具甚矣。臣窃料匈奴之众不过汉一大县，以天下之大困于一县之众，甚为执事者羞之。陛下何不试以臣为属国之官以主匈奴？行臣之计，请必系单于之颈而制其命，伏中行说而笞其背，举匈奴之众唯上之令。今不猎勐敌而猎田彘，不搏反寇而搏畜菟，玩细娱而不图大患，非所以为安也。德可远施，威可远加，而直数百里外威令不信，可为流涕者此也。今民卖僮者，为之绣衣丝履偏诸缘，内之闲中，是古天子后服，所以庙而不宴者也，而庶人得以衣婢妾。白縠之表，薄纨之里， 以偏诸，美者黼绣，是古天子之服，今富人大贾嘉会召客者以被墙。古者以奉一帝一后而节适，今庶人屋壁得为帝服，倡优下贱得为后饰，然而天下不屈者，殆未有也。且帝之身自衣皁绨，而富民墙屋被文绣；天子之后以缘其领，庶人孽妾缘其履：此臣所谓舛也。夫百人作之不能衣一人，欲天下亡寒，胡可得也？一人耕之，十人聚而食之，欲天下亡饥，不可得也。饥寒切于民之肌肤，欲其亡为奸邪，不可得也。国已屈矣，盗贼直须时耳，然而献计者曰“毋动”，为大耳。夫俗至大不敬也，至亡等也，至冒上也，进计者犹曰“毋为”，可为长太息者此也。商君遗礼义，弃仁恩，并心于进取。行之二岁，秦俗日败。故秦人家富子壮则出分，家贫子壮则出赘。借父耰鉏，虑有德色；母取箕帚，立而谇语。抱哺其于，与公并倨；妇姑不相说，则反唇而相稽。其慈子耆利，不同禽兽者亡几耳。然并心而赴时犹曰蹶六国，兼天下。功成求得矣，终不知反廉愧之节，仁义之厚。信并兼之法，遂进取之业，天下大败，众掩寡，智欺愚，勇威怯，壮陵衰，其乱至矣，是以大贤起之，威震海内，德从天下。曩之为秦者，今转而为汉矣。然其遗风余俗，犹尚未改。今世以侈靡相竞，而上亡制度，弃礼谊，捐廉耻日甚，可谓月异而岁不同矣。逐利不耳，虑非顾行也，今其甚者杀父兄矣。盗者剟寝户之帘，搴两庙之器，白昼大都之中剽吏而夺之金。矫伪者出几十万石粟，赋六百余万钱，乘传而行郡国，此其亡行义之尤至者也。而大臣特以簿书不报，期会之间，以为大故。至于俗流失，世坏败，因恬而不知怪，虑不动于耳目，以为是适然耳。夫移风易俗，使天下回心而乡道，类非俗吏之所能为也。俗吏之所务，在于刀笔筐箧，而不知大体。陛下又不自忧，窃为陛下惜之。夫立君臣，等上下，使父子有礼，六亲有纪，此非天之所为，人之所设也。夫人之所设，不为不立，不植则僵，不修则坏。《管子》曰：“礼义廉耻，是谓四维；四维不张，国乃灭亡。”使管子愚人也则可，管子而少知治体，则是岂可不为寒心哉！秦灭四维而不张，故君臣乖乱，六亲殃戮，奸人并起，万民离叛，凡十三岁，而社稷为虚。今四维犹未备也，故奸人几幸，而众心疑惑。岂如今定经制，令君君臣臣，上下有差，父子六亲各得其宜，奸人亡所几幸，而群臣众信，是不疑惑！此业一定，世世常安，而后有所持循矣。若夫经制不定，是犹度江河亡维楫，中流而遇风波，舩必覆矣。可为长太息者此也。夏为天子，十有余世，而殷受之。殷为天子，二十余世，而周受之。周为天子，三十余世，而秦受之。秦为天子，二世而亡。人性不甚相远也，何三代之君有道之长，而秦无道之暴也？其故可知也。古之王者，太子乃生，固举以礼，使士负之，有司齐肃端冕，见之南郊，见于天也。过阙则下，过庙则趋，孝子之道也。故自为赤子而教固已行矣。昔者成王幼在襁抱之中，召公为太保，周公为太傅，太公为太师。保，保其身体；傅，传之德义；师，道之教训：此三公之职也。于是为置三少，皆上大夫也，曰少保、少傅、少师，是与太子宴者也。故乃孩子提有识，三公、三少固明孝仁礼义以道习之，逐去邪人，不使见恶行。于是皆选天下之端士孝悌博闻有道术者以卫翼之，使与太子居处出入。故太子乃生而见正事，闻正言，行正道，左右前后皆正人也。夫习与正人居之，不能毋正，犹生长于齐不能不齐言也；习与不正人居之，不能毋不正，犹生长于楚之地不能不楚言也。故择其所耆，必先受业，乃得尝之；择其所乐，必先有习，乃得为之。孔子曰：“少成若天性，习贯如自然。”及太子少长，知妃色，则入于学。学者，所学之官也。《学礼》曰：“帝入东学，上亲而贵仁，则亲疏有序而恩相及矣；帝入南学，上齿而贵信，则长幼有差而民不诬矣；帝入西学，上贤而贵德，则圣智在位而功不遗矣；帝入北学，上贵而尊爵，则贵贱有等而下不 矣；帝入太学，承师问道，退习而考于太傅，太傅罚其不则而匡其不及，则德智长而治道得矣。此五学者既成于上，则百姓黎民化辑于下矣。”及太于既冠成人，免于保傅之严，则有记过之史，彻膳之宰，进善之旌，诽谤之木，敢谏之鼓。瞽史诵诗，工诵箴谏，大夫进谋，士传民语。习与智长，故切而不媿；化与心成，故中道若性。三代之礼：春朝朝日，秋暮夕月，所以明有敬也；春秋入学，坐国老，执酱而亲馈之，所以明有孝也；行以鸾和，步中《采齐》，趣中《肆夏》，所以明有度也；其于禽兽，见其生不食其死，闻其声不食其肉，故远庖厨，所以长恩，且明有仁也。夫三代之所以长久者，以其辅翼太子有此具也。及秦而不然。其俗固非贵辞让也，所上者告讦也；固非贵礼义也，所上者刑罚也。使赵高傅胡亥而教之狱，所习者非斩劓人，则夷人之三族也。故胡亥今日即位而明日射人，忠谏者谓之诽谤，深计者谓之妖言，其视杀人若艾草菅然。岂惟胡亥之性恶哉？彼其所以道之者非其理故也。鄙谚曰：“不习为吏，视已成事。”又曰：“前车覆，后车诫。”夫三代之所以长久者，其已事可知也；然而不能从者，是不法圣智也。秦世之所以亟绝者，其辙迹可见也；然而不避，是后车又将覆也。夫存亡之变，治乱之机，其要在是矣。天下之命，县于太子；太子之善，在于早谕教与选左右。夫心未滥而先谕教，则化易成也；开于道术智谊之指，则教之力也。若其服习积贯，则左右而已。夫胡、粤之人，生而同声，耆欲不异，及其长而成俗，累数译而不能相通，行者有虽死而不相为者，则教习然也。臣故曰选左右早谕教最急。夫教得而左右正，则太子正矣，太子正而天下定矣。《书》曰：“一人有庆，兆民赖之。”此时务也。凡人之智，能见已然，不能见将然。夫礼者禁于将然之前，而法者禁于己然之后，是故法之所用易见，而礼之所为生难知也。若夫庆赏以劝善，刑罚以惩恶，先王执此之政，坚如金石，行此之令，信如四时，据此之公，无私如天地耳，岂顾不用哉？然而曰礼云礼云者，贵绝恶于未萌，而起教于微眇，使民日迁善远罪而不自知也。孔于曰：“听讼，吾犹人也，必也使毋讼乎！”为人主计者，莫如先审取舍，取舍之极定于内，而安危之萌应于外矣。安者非一日而安也，危者非一日而危也，皆以积渐然，不可不察也。人主之所积，在其取舍，以礼义治之者，积礼义；以刑罚治之者，积刑罚。刑罚积而民怨背，札义积而民和亲。故世主欲民之善同，而所以使民善者或异。或道之以德教，或殴之以法令。道之以德教者，德教洽而民气乐；殴之以法令者，法令极而民风哀。哀乐之感，祸福之应也。秦王之欲尊宗庙而安子孙，与汤武同，然而汤武广大其德行，六七百岁而弗失，秦王治天下，十余岁则大败。此亡它故矣，汤武之定取舍审而秦王之定取舍不审矣。夫天下，大器也。今人之置器，置诸安处则安，置诸危处则危。天下之情与器亡以异，在天子之所置之。汤武置天下于仁义礼乐，而德泽洽，禽兽草木广裕，德被蛮貊四夷，累子孙数十世，此天下所共闻也。秦王置天下于法令刑罚，德泽亡一有，而怨毒盈于世，下憎恶之如仇，祸几及身，子孙诛绝，此天下之所共见也。是非其明效大验邪！人之言曰：“听言之道，必以其事观之，则言者莫敢妄言。”今或言礼谊之不如法令，教化之不如刑罚，人主胡不引殷、周、秦事以观之也？人主之尊譬如堂，群臣如陛，众庶如地。故陛九级上，廉远地，则堂高；陛亡级，廉近地，则堂卑。高者难攀，卑者易陵，理势然也。故古者圣王制为等列，内有公卿大夫士，外有公侯伯子男，然后有官师小吏，延及庶人，等级分明，而天子加焉，故其尊不可及也。里谚曰：“欲投鼠而忌器。”此善谕也。鼠近于器，尚惮不投，恐伤其器，况于贵臣之近主乎！廉耻节礼以治君子，故有赐死而亡戮辱。是以黥劓之罪不及太夫，以其离主上不远也，礼不敢齿君之路马，蹴其刍者有罚；见君之几杖则起，遭君之乘车则下，入正门则趋；君之宠臣虽或有过，刑戮之罪不加其身者，尊君之故也。此所以为主上豫远不敬也，所以体貌大臣而厉其节也。今自王侯三公之贵，皆天子之所改容而礼之也，古天子之所谓伯父、伯舅也，而令与众庶同黥劓 刖笞 弃市之法，然则堂不亡陛乎？被戮辱者不泰迫乎？廉耻不行，大臣无乃握重权，大官而有徒隶亡耻之心乎？夫望夷之事，二世见当以重法者，投鼠而不忌器之习也。臣闻之，履虽鲜不加于枕，冠虽敝不以苴履。夫尝已在贵宠之位，天子改容而体貌之矣，吏民尝俯伏以敬畏之矣，今而有过，帝令废之可也，退之可也，赐之死可也，灭之可也；若夫束缚之，系緤之，输之司寇，编之徒官，司寇小吏詈骂而榜笞之，殆非所以令众庶见也。夫卑贱者习知尊贵者之一旦，吾亦乃可以加此也，非所以习天下也，非尊尊贵贵之化也。夫天子之所尝敬，众庶之所尝宠，死而死耳，贱人安宜得如此而顿辱之哉！豫让事中行之君，智伯伐而灭之，移事智伯。及赵灭智伯，豫让衅面吞炭，必报襄子，五起而不中。人问豫子，豫子曰：“中行众人畜我，我故众人事之；智伯国士遇我，我故国士报之。”故此一豫让也，反君事仇，行若狗彘，已而抗节致忠，行出乎列士，人主使然也。故主上遇其大臣如遇犬马，彼将犬马自为也；如遇官徒，彼将官徒自为也。顽顿亡耻， 诟亡节，廉耻不立，且不自好，苟若而可，故见利则逝，见便则夺。主上有败，则因而挺之矣；主上有患，则吾苟免而已，立而观之耳；有便吾身者，则欺卖而利之耳。人主将何便于此？群下至众，而主上至少也，所托财器职业者粹于群下也。俱亡耻，俱苟妄，则主上最病。故古者礼不及庶人，刑不至大夫，所以厉宠臣之节也。古者大臣有坐不廉而废者，不谓不廉，曰“簠簋不饰”；坐污秽淫乱男女亡别者，不曰污秽，曰“帷薄不修”，坐罢软不胜任者，不谓罢软，曰“下官不职”。故贵大臣定有其罪矣，犹未斥然正以唿之也，尚迁就而为之讳也。故其在大谴大何之域者，闻谴何则白冠 缨，盘水加剑，造请室而请罪耳，上不执缚系引而行也。其有中罪者，闻命而自弛，上不使人颈 而加也。其有大罪者，闻命则北面再拜，跌而自裁，上不使捽抑而刑之也，曰：“子大夫自有过耳！吾遇子有礼矣。”遇之有礼，故群臣自憙；婴以廉耻，故人矜节行。上设廉礼义以遇其臣，而臣不以节行报其上者，则非人类也。故化成俗定，则为人臣者主耳忘身，国耳忘家，公耳忘私，利不苟就，害不苟去，唯义所在。上之化也，故父兄之臣诚死宗庙，法度之臣诚死社稷，辅翼之臣诚死君上，守圄扞敌之臣诚死城郭封疆。故曰圣人有金城者，比物此志也。彼且为我死，故吾得与之俱生；彼且为我亡，故吾得与之俱存；夫将为我危，故吾得与之皆安。顾行而忘利，守节而仗义，故可以托不御之权，可以寄六尺之孤。此厉廉耻行礼谊之所致也，主上何丧焉！此之不为，而顾彼之久行，故曰可为长太息者此也。密洒征鞍无数。冥迷远树。乱山重叠杳难分，似五里、蒙蒙雾。惆怅琐窗深处。湿花轻絮。当时悠飏得人怜，也都是、浓香助。万山不许一溪奔，栏得溪声日夜喧。到得前头山脚尽，堂堂溪水出前村。弊庐在郭外，素产唯田园。左右林野旷，不闻朝市喧。钓竿垂北涧，樵唱入南轩。书取幽栖事，将寻静者论。赤精乱德，四海困穷。黄旗举义，三灵会同。

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..di ru dong xue .shang qin er gui ren .ze qin shu you xu er en xiang ji yi .di ru nan xue .shang chi er gui xin .ze chang you you cha er min bu wu yi .di ru xi xue .shang xian er gui de .ze sheng zhi zai wei er gong bu yi yi .di ru bei xue .shang gui er zun jue .ze gui jian you deng er xia bu yi .di ru tai xue .cheng shi wen dao .tui xi er kao yu tai fu .tai fu fa qi bu ze er kuang qi bu ji .ze de zhi chang er zhi dao de yi .ci wu xue zhe ji cheng yu shang .ze bai xing li min hua ji yu xia yi ..ji tai yu ji guan cheng ren .mian yu bao fu zhi yan .ze you ji guo zhi shi .che shan zhi zai .jin shan zhi jing .fei bang zhi mu .gan jian zhi gu .gu shi song shi .gong song zhen jian .da fu jin mou .shi chuan min yu .xi yu zhi chang .gu qie er bu kui .hua yu xin cheng .gu zhong dao ruo xing .san dai zhi li .chun chao chao ri .qiu mu xi yue .suo yi ming you jing ye .chun qiu ru xue .zuo guo lao .zhi jiang er qin kui zhi .suo yi ming you xiao ye .xing yi luan he .bu zhong .cai qi ..qu zhong .si xia ..suo yi ming you du ye .qi yu qin shou .jian qi sheng bu shi qi si .wen qi sheng bu shi qi rou .gu yuan pao chu .suo yi chang en .qie ming you ren ye .fu san dai zhi suo yi chang jiu zhe .yi qi fu yi tai zi you ci ju ye .ji qin er bu ran .qi su gu fei gui ci rang ye .suo shang zhe gao jie ye .gu fei gui li yi ye .suo shang zhe xing fa ye .shi zhao gao fu hu hai er jiao zhi yu .suo xi zhe fei zhan yi ren .ze yi ren zhi san zu ye .gu hu hai jin ri ji wei er ming ri she ren .zhong jian zhe wei zhi fei bang .shen ji zhe wei zhi yao yan .qi shi sha ren ruo ai cao jian ran .qi wei hu hai zhi xing e zai .bi qi suo yi dao zhi zhe fei qi li gu ye .bi yan yue ..bu xi wei li .shi yi cheng shi ..you yue ..qian che fu .hou che jie ..fu san dai zhi suo yi chang jiu zhe .qi yi shi ke zhi ye .ran er bu neng cong zhe .shi bu fa sheng zhi ye .qin shi zhi suo yi ji jue zhe .qi zhe ji ke jian ye .ran er bu bi .shi hou che you jiang fu ye .fu cun wang zhi bian .zhi luan zhi ji .qi yao zai shi yi .tian xia zhi ming .xian yu tai zi .tai zi zhi shan .zai yu zao yu jiao yu xuan zuo you .fu xin wei lan er xian yu jiao .ze hua yi cheng ye .kai yu dao shu zhi yi zhi zhi .ze jiao zhi li ye .ruo qi fu xi ji guan .ze zuo you er yi .fu hu .yue zhi ren .sheng er tong sheng .qi yu bu yi .ji qi chang er cheng su .lei shu yi er bu neng xiang tong .xing zhe you sui si er bu xiang wei zhe .ze jiao xi ran ye .chen gu yue xuan zuo you zao yu jiao zui ji .fu jiao de er zuo you zheng .ze tai zi zheng yi .tai zi zheng er tian xia ding yi ..shu .yue ..yi ren you qing .zhao min lai zhi ..ci shi wu ye .fan ren zhi zhi .neng jian yi ran .bu neng jian jiang ran .fu li zhe jin yu jiang ran zhi qian .er fa zhe jin yu ji ran zhi hou .shi gu fa zhi suo yong yi jian .er li zhi suo wei sheng nan zhi ye .ruo fu qing shang yi quan shan .xing fa yi cheng e .xian wang zhi ci zhi zheng .jian ru jin shi .xing ci zhi ling .xin ru si shi .ju ci zhi gong .wu si ru tian di er .qi gu bu yong zai .ran er yue li yun li yun zhe .gui jue e yu wei meng .er qi jiao yu wei miao .shi min ri qian shan yuan zui er bu zi zhi ye .kong yu yue ..ting song .wu you ren ye .bi ye shi wu song hu ..wei ren zhu ji zhe .mo ru xian shen qu she .qu she zhi ji ding yu nei .er an wei zhi meng ying yu wai yi .an zhe fei yi ri er an ye .wei zhe fei yi ri er wei ye .jie yi ji jian ran .bu ke bu cha ye .ren zhu zhi suo ji .zai qi qu she .yi li yi zhi zhi zhe .ji li yi .yi xing fa zhi zhi zhe .ji xing fa .xing fa ji er min yuan bei .zha yi ji er min he qin .gu shi zhu yu min zhi shan tong .er suo yi shi min shan zhe huo yi .huo dao zhi yi de jiao .huo ou zhi yi fa ling .dao zhi yi de jiao zhe .de jiao qia er min qi le .ou zhi yi fa ling zhe .fa ling ji er min feng ai .ai le zhi gan .huo fu zhi ying ye .qin wang zhi yu zun zong miao er an zi sun .yu tang wu tong .ran er tang wu guang da qi de xing .liu qi bai sui er fu shi .qin wang zhi tian xia .shi yu sui ze da bai .ci wang ta gu yi .tang wu zhi ding qu she shen er qin wang zhi ding qu she bu shen yi .fu tian xia .da qi ye .jin ren zhi zhi qi .zhi zhu an chu ze an .zhi zhu wei chu ze wei .tian xia zhi qing yu qi wang yi yi .zai tian zi zhi suo zhi zhi .tang wu zhi tian xia yu ren yi li le .er de ze qia .qin shou cao mu guang yu .de bei man mo si yi .lei zi sun shu shi shi .ci tian xia suo gong wen ye .qin wang zhi tian xia yu fa ling xing fa .de ze wang yi you .er yuan du ying yu shi .xia zeng e zhi ru chou .huo ji ji shen .zi sun zhu jue .ci tian xia zhi suo gong jian ye .shi fei qi ming xiao da yan xie .ren zhi yan yue ..ting yan zhi dao .bi yi qi shi guan zhi .ze yan zhe mo gan wang yan ..jin huo yan li yi zhi bu ru fa ling .jiao hua zhi bu ru xing fa .ren zhu hu bu yin yin .zhou .qin shi yi guan zhi ye .ren zhu zhi zun pi ru tang .qun chen ru bi .zhong shu ru di .gu bi jiu ji shang .lian yuan di .ze tang gao .bi wang ji .lian jin di .ze tang bei .gao zhe nan pan .bei zhe yi ling .li shi ran ye .gu gu zhe sheng wang zhi wei deng lie .nei you gong qing da fu shi .wai you gong hou bo zi nan .ran hou you guan shi xiao li .yan ji shu ren .deng ji fen ming .er tian zi jia yan .gu qi zun bu ke ji ye .li yan yue ..yu tou shu er ji qi ..ci shan yu ye .shu jin yu qi .shang dan bu tou .kong shang qi qi .kuang yu gui chen zhi jin zhu hu .lian chi jie li yi zhi jun zi .gu you ci si er wang lu ru .shi yi qing yi zhi zui bu ji tai fu .yi qi li zhu shang bu yuan ye .li bu gan chi jun zhi lu ma .cu qi chu zhe you fa .jian jun zhi ji zhang ze qi .zao jun zhi cheng che ze xia .ru zheng men ze qu .jun zhi chong chen sui huo you guo .xing lu zhi zui bu jia qi shen zhe .zun jun zhi gu ye .ci suo yi wei zhu shang yu yuan bu jing ye .suo yi ti mao da chen er li qi jie ye .jin zi wang hou san gong zhi gui .jie tian zi zhi suo gai rong er li zhi ye .gu tian zi zhi suo wei bo fu .bo jiu ye .er ling yu zhong shu tong qing yi yue chi qi shi zhi fa .ran ze tang bu wang bi hu .bei lu ru zhe bu tai po hu .lian chi bu xing .da chen wu nai wo zhong quan .da guan er you tu li wang chi zhi xin hu .fu wang yi zhi shi .er shi jian dang yi zhong fa zhe .tou shu er bu ji qi zhi xi ye .chen wen zhi .lv sui xian bu jia yu zhen .guan sui bi bu yi ju lv .fu chang yi zai gui chong zhi wei .tian zi gai rong er ti mao zhi yi .li min chang fu fu yi jing wei zhi yi .jin er you guo .di ling fei zhi ke ye .tui zhi ke ye .ci zhi si ke ye .mie zhi ke ye .ruo fu shu fu zhi .xi xie zhi .shu zhi si kou .bian zhi tu guan .si kou xiao li li ma er bang chi zhi .dai fei suo yi ling zhong shu jian ye .fu bei jian zhe xi zhi zun gui zhe zhi yi dan .wu yi nai ke yi jia ci ye .fei suo yi xi tian xia ye .fei zun zun gui gui zhi hua ye .fu tian zi zhi suo chang jing .zhong shu zhi suo chang chong .si er si er .jian ren an yi de ru ci er dun ru zhi zai .yu rang shi zhong xing zhi jun .zhi bo fa er mie zhi .yi shi zhi bo .ji zhao mie zhi bo .yu rang xin mian tun tan .bi bao xiang zi .wu qi er bu zhong .ren wen yu zi .yu zi yue ..zhong xing zhong ren xu wo .wo gu zhong ren shi zhi .zhi bo guo shi yu wo .wo gu guo shi bao zhi ..gu ci yi yu rang ye .fan jun shi chou .xing ruo gou zhi .yi er kang jie zhi zhong .xing chu hu lie shi .ren zhu shi ran ye .gu zhu shang yu qi da chen ru yu quan ma .bi jiang quan ma zi wei ye .ru yu guan tu .bi jiang guan tu zi wei ye .wan dun wang chi . gou wang jie .lian chi bu li .qie bu zi hao .gou ruo er ke .gu jian li ze shi .jian bian ze duo .zhu shang you bai .ze yin er ting zhi yi .zhu shang you huan .ze wu gou mian er yi .li er guan zhi er .you bian wu shen zhe .ze qi mai er li zhi er .ren zhu jiang he bian yu ci .qun xia zhi zhong .er zhu shang zhi shao ye .suo tuo cai qi zhi ye zhe cui yu qun xia ye .ju wang chi .ju gou wang .ze zhu shang zui bing .gu gu zhe li bu ji shu ren .xing bu zhi da fu .suo yi li chong chen zhi jie ye .gu zhe da chen you zuo bu lian er fei zhe .bu wei bu lian .yue .fu gui bu shi ..zuo wu hui yin luan nan nv wang bie zhe .bu yue wu hui .yue .wei bao bu xiu ..zuo ba ruan bu sheng ren zhe .bu wei ba ruan .yue .xia guan bu zhi ..gu gui da chen ding you qi zui yi .you wei chi ran zheng yi hu zhi ye .shang qian jiu er wei zhi hui ye .gu qi zai da qian da he zhi yu zhe .wen qian he ze bai guan ying .pan shui jia jian .zao qing shi er qing zui er .shang bu zhi fu xi yin er xing ye .qi you zhong zui zhe .wen ming er zi chi .shang bu shi ren jing er jia ye .qi you da zui zhe .wen ming ze bei mian zai bai .die er zi cai .shang bu shi zuo yi er xing zhi ye .yue ..zi da fu zi you guo er .wu yu zi you li yi ..yu zhi you li .gu qun chen zi xi .ying yi lian chi .gu ren jin jie xing .shang she lian li yi yi yu qi chen .er chen bu yi jie xing bao qi shang zhe .ze fei ren lei ye .gu hua cheng su ding .ze wei ren chen zhe zhu er wang shen .guo er wang jia .gong er wang si .li bu gou jiu .hai bu gou qu .wei yi suo zai .shang zhi hua ye .gu fu xiong zhi chen cheng si zong miao .fa du zhi chen cheng si she ji .fu yi zhi chen cheng si jun shang .shou yu han di zhi chen cheng si cheng guo feng jiang .gu yue sheng ren you jin cheng zhe .bi wu ci zhi ye .bi qie wei wo si .gu wu de yu zhi ju sheng .bi qie wei wo wang .gu wu de yu zhi ju cun .fu jiang wei wo wei .gu wu de yu zhi jie an .gu xing er wang li .shou jie er zhang yi .gu ke yi tuo bu yu zhi quan .ke yi ji liu chi zhi gu .ci li lian chi xing li yi zhi suo zhi ye .zhu shang he sang yan .ci zhi bu wei .er gu bi zhi jiu xing .gu yue ke wei chang tai xi zhe ci ye .mi sa zheng an wu shu .ming mi yuan shu .luan shan zhong die yao nan fen .si wu li .meng meng wu .chou chang suo chuang shen chu .shi hua qing xu .dang shi you yang de ren lian .ye du shi .nong xiang zhu .wan shan bu xu yi xi ben .lan de xi sheng ri ye xuan .dao de qian tou shan jiao jin .tang tang xi shui chu qian cun .bi lu zai guo wai .su chan wei tian yuan .zuo you lin ye kuang .bu wen chao shi xuan .diao gan chui bei jian .qiao chang ru nan xuan .shu qu you qi shi .jiang xun jing zhe lun .chi jing luan de .si hai kun qiong .huang qi ju yi .san ling hui tong .

此夜投宿佛寺住在高阁上，星月交辉掩映山间雾朦胧。
（2）潮(chao)州：州名，治所唐时海阳县（今广东潮州市），辖境约相当于今广东省潮州、汕头、揭阳和梅州、汕尾市一部分地区（李宏新《1991：潮汕分市纪事》）。刺史：州的行政长官。军(jun)事衙推：州刺史的属官。寄出(chu)去的家信不知何时才能到达，希望北归的大雁捎到洛阳去。英文
214.圣人：指纣王的贤臣梅伯、箕子。一德：相同的品德。昨夜春风吹进了(liao)深邃的寝室，让人惊觉已经是春天了，于是想起远在湘江之滨的伊人。
⑵连钱：形容毛色斑点状如连接的铜钱。我那时云卧庐山香炉峰顶，学仙人餐霞漱瑶泉。
⑤手捻花枝：古人以为表示愁苦无聊之动作。几(ji)个满头白发的宫女，闲坐无事谈论唐玄宗(zong)。
16.曰：说，回答。宦官骑马飞驰不敢扬起灰尘，御厨络绎不绝送来海味山珍。
①《独秀峰》袁(yuan)枚 古诗：位于桂林市中心，以平地孤拔，无他峰相对，故名。佩着五彩缤纷华丽装饰，散发出一阵阵浓郁清香。
⑺灞桥：在今陕西西安城东。唐人送客至此桥，折柳赠别。为唐代长安名胜(sheng)。

　　“园花笑芳年，池草艳春色”运用铺叙手法描绘出一幅笑芳年的园花与艳春色的池草的景致。诗中“园花笑”“池草艳”来烘托出园花、池草本来也是美好之物，也不缺朝气蓬勃、欣欣向荣的生命力。
　　第一，前面写到岫，是远景，写到影，是近景，这里再补写山林，如此写若耶溪，就不是纵向的，而照顾到两旁，就是说，不只是线，还考虑到面。
　　这是一首宫怨作品，诗中描写一个深帷中寂寞的宫人的心理。
　　次句“房星是本星”，乍看起来像是重复第一句的意思。“房星”指马，句谓房星原是天上的星宿，也就是说这匹马本不是尘世间的凡物。如果这句的含义仅限于此，与首句几乎一模一样，那就犯了重沓的毛病。诗只四句，首句平平，次句又作了一次重复，那么这首诗就有一半索然无味，没有价值。但如细细咀嚼，便会发现第二句别有新意，只是意在言外，比较隐晦曲折。《晋书·天文志》中有这样一段话：“房四星，亦曰天驷，为天马，主车驾。房星明，则王者明。”它把“房星”和“王者”直接联系起来，就是说马的处境如何与王者的明暗、国家的治乱息息相关。既然马的素质好遭遇不好，那么，王者不明，政事不理的状况就不言可喻了。这是一种“渗透法”，通过曲折引申，使它所表达的实际意义远远超过字面的含义。
　　李白与杜甫的友谊是中国文学史上珍贵的一页。在李白传世的诗歌中，公认的直接为杜甫而写的只有两首，一是《鲁郡东石门送杜二甫》，另一首就是这首诗。
　　这设色的背景，是那落在天街上的纤细小雨。透过雨丝遥望草色，更给早春草色增添了一层朦胧美。而小雨又滋润如酥。酥就是奶油。受了这样的滋润，那草色自然是新的；又有这样的背景来衬托，那草色自然也美了。
　　由于创作时间有先后之别，《周颂·访落》可以说是周公代表成王所发表的政策宣言，而《《周颂·小毖》佚名 古诗》则信乎为成王自己的声音。其时，成王年齿已长，政治上渐趋成熟，亲自执政的愿望也日益强烈。不过，在《《周颂·小毖》佚名 古诗》中，成王这种强烈的愿望，并非以豪言壮语，而是通过深刻反省予以表达，其体现便是前面所说的着重强调“惩”。
　　起首两句是对事件背景的交代，“姐儿十六七”、“一双胡蝶戏”，纯用口语，质直无华，带有典型的小调风味。三、四句作小姐的特写。“香肩”、“玉指”、“粉墙”、“珠泪”，在民歌说来已是一种雅化，然而又与文人炼字琢词的求雅不同，使用的是一些近于套语的习用书面语，类似于说唱文学中“沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花”一等的水平，故仍体现出俚曲“文而不文”的特色。末句则沟通并表出“姐儿”与“胡蝶”两者的联系。五句三层，各层次各自独立形成一幅画面，合在一起，却成了一段情节有趣、动感十足的小剧。
　　全诗三章十二句，其实只是一个意思，一章已经把全部意思包容了。二、三章只是复沓。而复沓，相同或相近意义的字语反复吟唱，正是中国民歌传统的语言形式。这种反复吟唱，既表现劳动青年感情的纯朴强烈，又以复沓的手段加强诗歌的主题。这种方式，一直沿用到现代。如果说变化，三章只换三个字，一个沤的对象不只是麻，还有苎麻菅草；一个是晤的形式变了，还有言来语去。这说明随着劳动过程的延续，爱情的温度也在渐渐提升。